Summary
In Moore, during the cross-examination of a prosecution witness, defense counsel attempted to use a handwritten note signed by the witness for impeachment purposes.
Summary of this case from U.S. v. MedearisOpinion
Nos. 98-4296, 98-4323, 99-2607, 99-2676
Argued January 14, 2000
Decided March 29, 2000
Appeals from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Illinois. No. 98-40002-JPG — J. Phil Gilbert, Chief Judge.
Thomas Edward Leggans (argued), Office of the U.S. Attorney, Criminal Division, Fairview Heights, IL, Amanda A. Robertson, Office of the U.S. Attorney, Benton, IL, for plaintiff-appellee.
Gregory A. Adamski (argued), Adamski Conti, Chicago, IL, for Gary V. Moore.
Deborah L. Mahoney, Mahoney Burke, Chicago, IL, for Aaron Wyatt.
Michael A. Wyatt, Federal Correctional Institution, Oxford, WI, pro se; Susan Kister, St. Louis, MO, for Michael A. Wyatt.
Matt Vaughn (argued), Fairfield, IL, for Dewayne C. Anthony.
Before FLAUM, EASTERBROOK, and RIPPLE, Circuit Judges.
Four defendants, convicted of crimes related to cocaine, have received stiff sentences. Details of the offenses are not relevant. One of the four appeals is not properly here at all. Michael Wyatt pleaded guilty, was sentenced to 192 months' imprisonment, and appealed. Yet, as part of his plea bargain, Michael Wyatt waived his right to appeal, and nothing in the record suggests that the waiver is involuntary or otherwise problematic. We grant the prosecutor's motion to dismiss his appeal, see United States v. Wenger, 58 F.3d 280 (7th Cir. 1995), and confine this opinion to the contentions of the other defendants.
Gary Moore, the only one of the four to stand trial, sought to cross-examine Michael Wyatt (testifying for the prosecution as part of his plea bargain) about a handwritten note that bears his signature and is notarized. This note reads:
I Michael Wyatt did Not agreed with Aaron Wayt Wyatt or Gary MooRe or cory at any time to sell Drug's
It is a peculiar note, and not only because it looks like Michael Wyatt had trouble spelling his own family name. The words "to sell Drug's" are in a blue ink, while the rest of the test is in black, raising the possibility that two people (perhaps at different times) were responsible for the text. Before counsel could get to any questions about the authenticity and provenance of this document, however, the district judge excluded it from evidence on the ground that, by failing to give it to the prosecutors before trial, Moore's lawyer violated Fed.R.Crim.P. 16.
Moore's lawyer did not join issue on the subject. He seemingly wanted the judge to transcend the rules of evidence and criminal procedure in general. That's not a winning line of argument, for courts are entitled to exclude evidence that should have been produced during reciprocal discovery in criminal cases. Taylor v. Illinois, 484 U.S. 400 (1988). Sticking to the details would have done Moore more good, because it is hard to see why Moore had to tip his hand before trial. Of all the discovery requirements, only Rule 16(b)(1)(A) speaks to materials such as handwritten notes in a defendant's possession. It says:
If the defendant requests disclosure under subdivision (a)(1)(C) or (D) of this rule, upon compliance with such request by the government, the defendant, on request of the government, shall permit the government to inspect and copy or photograph books, papers, documents, photographs, tangible objects, or copies or portions thereof, which are within the possession, custody, or control of the defendant and which the defendant intends to introduce as evidence in chief at the trial.
Because Moore received discovery from the prosecutor, he had to furnish in exchange tangible evidence "which the defendant intends to introduce as evidence in chief at the trial." Yet Moore did not seek to use the note "as evidence in chief at the trial." He tried to use it as a prior inconsistent statement by Michael Wyatt that would undermine his credibility in the jurors' eyes. At oral argument in this court the prosecutor contended that, because either Michael Wyatt or someone else would have to establish the authenticity of the document, this testimony would be "evidence in chief". That assertion sorely misunderstands what it means to offer "evidence in chief" (or evidence in one's "case in chief"). Preliminary issues of admissibility are argued to the court. Fed.R.Evid. 104(a). They are neither part of the case in chief nor part of the defense. Rule 16(b)(1)(A) speaks to how the evidence is used, not to how it is introduced. Moore sought to use the note to impeach the testimony of a witness for the prosecution; it was not properly excludable under Rule 16.
None of this does Moore any good, however, because he did not argue the substance of Rule 16 in the district court, or for that matter in his appellate brief. Only plain error could justify reversal, and plain error entails, among other things, a conclusion that enforcing the forfeiture would condone a miscarriage of justice. United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 736 (1993). No miscarriage occurred here. Moore had ample opportunity to show the jurors Michael Wyatt's shortcomings as a witness and as a person. Quite apart from Michael Wyatt's testimony, the evidence against Moore was compelling, and a conviction was foreordained.
None of the defendants' other contentions requires discussion. The most important of these, an argument that the kind and quantity of drugs must be treated as elements of the offense under 21 U.S.C. § 841 in light of Jones v. United States, 526 U.S. 227 (1999) — has been resolved by an opinion issued after the oral argument of this case. See United States v. Jackson, No. 98-2696 (7th Cir. Mar. 23, 2000). See also United States v. Edwards, 105 F.3d 1179, 1180 (7th Cir. 1997), affirmed, 523 U.S. 511 (1998). All of the rest have been considered, and we approve the district court's disposition of each. The appeal of Michael Wyatt, No. 99-2607, is dismissed in conformity with his plea agreement. In the other three appeals, the judgments are affirmed.