Summary
holding that a district court lacks authority to reduce a defendant's sentence under a retroactive Guidelines amendment when the Sentencing Commission has not lowered the sentencing range applicable to the defendant
Summary of this case from United States v. Vega-MendozaOpinion
No. 08-13298 Non-Argument Calendar.
November 19, 2008.
Lynn Palmer Bailey, Fed.Pub. Def., Jacksonville, FL, Donna Lee Elm, Fed. Pub. Def., Tampa, FL, for Jones.
Patricia D. Barksdale, Jacksonville, FL, for U.S.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida.
Before DUBINA, CARNES and PRYOR, Circuit Judges.
Daryl Allen Jones appeals the district court's judgment denying him relief under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2). The district court concluded that Jones was ineligible for a reduction of his sentence under § 3582(c)(2) because Amendment 706 to the Sentencing Guidelines did not lower his base offense level given the quantity of crack cocaine for which he was responsible.
We review de novo a district court's conclusions about the scope of its legal authority under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2). United States v. Moore, 541 F.3d 1323, 1326 (11th Cir. 2008) (citing United States v. White, 305 F.3d 1264, 1267 (11th Cir. 2002)). Section 3582(c)(2) allows courts to reduce the sentence "of a defendant who has been sentenced to a term of imprisonment based on a sentencing range that has subsequently been lowered by the Sentencing Commission."
Once it is established that 18 U.S.C. § 3582 applies, a district court's decision to grant or deny a sentence reduction is reviewed only for abuse of discretion. United States v. Vautier, 144 F.3d 756, 759 n. 3 (11th Cir. 1998); see also White, 305 F.3d at 1267.
In November 2007 the Sentencing Commission promulgated Amendment 706, which reduced base offense levels under the sentencing guidelines for crack cocaine offenses. U.S.S.G.App. C, Amend. 706 (Supp. 2007); Moore, 541 F.3d at 1325. Later, Amendment 713 made 706 retroactively applicable. See U.S.S.G.App. C, Amend. 713 (Supp. May 1, 2008). Moore, 541 F.3d at 1325. Amendments 713 and 706 have generated a large number of appeals from federal prisoners who were sentenced under the earlier, harsher guidelines for crack cocaine, but who allege that their applicable sentence range was lowered by the retroactive application of Amendment 706. See, e.g., Moore, 541 F.3d at 1325-26; United States v. Thomas, 545 F.3d 1300 (11th Cir. 2008); United States v. James, 548 F.3d 983, 2008 WL 4867909 (11th Cir. 2008).
In order for § 3582(c)(2) to apply, however, the defendant must have been sentenced "based on a sentencing range that has subsequently been lowered by the Sentencing Commission." 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2); see also U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10(a)(2)(B) ("A reduction in the defendant's term of imprisonment is not consistent with this policy statement and therefore is not authorized under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2) if . . . [a]n amendment [listed as retroactive] does not have the effect of lowering the defendant's applicable guideline range."); Moore, 541 F.3d at 1330 (holding that a reduction under § 3582(c)(2) is not authorized when Amendment 706 had reduced the defendant's base offense level, but did not change his actual sentence range under the guidelines because he was sentenced as a recidivist under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1); United States v. Armstrong, 347 F.3d 905, 908 (11th Cir. 2003) (stating that the defendant was ineligible for relief under § 3582(c)(2) where the sentencing amendment concerned the possession of firearms and did "not apply factually in Armstrong's case" because his sentence had not been affected by the possession of a firearm); United States v. Bravo, 203 F.3d 778, 780 (11th Cir. 2000) ("[A] district court has discretion to reduce the term of imprisonment of an already incarcerated defendant when that defendant was sentenced based on a sentencing range that was subsequently lowered by the Sentencing Commission.") (emphases added).
In this case, Jones pleaded guilty in 1994 to conspiracy to distribute crack cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846. The Presentence Investigation Report attributed more than 50 kilograms of crack cocaine to Jones. At the sentencing hearing, his attorney disputed that quantity, arguing that Jones should be accountable for no more than 12 kilograms. The district court declined to resolve that dispute because the 1994 sentencing guidelines provided a base offense level of 38 for defendants responsible for 1.5 kilograms or more of crack cocaine. See U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(c)(1) (1994). Therefore, whether Jones was responsible for 12 kilograms or 50 kilograms of crack cocaine made no difference in his base offense level.
Under Amendment 706, the guidelines now provide a base offense level of 36 for defendants who are responsible for at least 1.5 kilograms but less than 4.5 kilograms of crack cocaine. See U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(c)(2). However, a base offense level of 38 still applies to defendants responsible for 4.5 kilograms or more. U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(c)(1). Accordingly, the distinction between 12 and 50 kilograms of crack cocaine that did not matter in 1994 still does not matter in 2008, and the base offense level for that quantity range has not decreased. Even if Jones were accountable for only 12 kilograms of crack cocaine, as his attorney argued at his sentence hearing in 1994, Amendment 706 did not change his applicable base offense level. It is still 38. United States v. Wanton, 525 F.3d 621, 622 (8th Cir. 2008) (affirming denial of § 3582(c)(2) motion that was based on Amendment 706, and holding that "the new amendment does not apply where more than 4.5 kilograms of crack is involved.").
Acknowledging this, Jones nonetheless contends that United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 125 S.Ct. 738, 160 L.Ed.2d 621 (2005), which made the sentencing guidelines advisory, effectively lowered his applicable guidelines range because a particular guidelines range in the post- Booker era is lower than the same range in the pre- Booker era. It is lower, Jones argues, because it is only advisory and the sentencing court may impose a lesser sentence than the range indicates. To begin with, one could say that the same guidelines range is also higher than before Booker because now the court can impose a harsher sentence than the range indicates.
Either way, the argument is unconvincing. It is foreclosed by the language of § 3582(c)(2), which allows courts, to reduce a sentence only when a defendant "has been sentenced to a term of imprisonment based on a sentencing range that has subsequently been lowered by the Sentencing Commission." (emphasis added). In United States v. Moreno, 421 F.3d 1217, 1220 (11th Cir. 2005), we noted that " Booker is a Supreme Court decision, not a retroactively applicable guideline amendment by the Sentencing Commission. Therefore, Booker is inapplicable to § 3582(c)(2) motions." See also Cortorreal v. United States, 486 F.3d 742, 744 (2d Cir. 2007) ("[T]he Booker decision cannot be the basis for a Section 3582(c)(2) motion to modify a sentence."); United States v. Carter, 500 F.3d 486, 490 (6th Cir. 2007) (same).
Because the Sentencing Commission has not lowered the sentencing range applicable to Jones, the district court correctly ruled that it lacked authority to reduce Jones' sentence under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2).
AFFIRMED.