Opinion
No. 04-2782.
Submitted: February 14, 2005.
Filed: May 26, 2005.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Nebraska, Lyle E. Strom, J.
Joseph F. Gross, Jr., Omaha, NE, for appellant.
Maria R. Moran, Asst. U.S. Atty., Omaha, NE, for appellee.
Before LOKEN, Chief Judge, RILEY, and SMITH, Circuit Judges.
Victor Henderson pled guilty to conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute 50 grams or more of cocaine base from January 1, 2001 through August 30, 2003, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846. Based on Henderson's prior convictions, the presentence investigation report calculated Henderson's criminal history at category V. The district court found that category V substantially over-represented the seriousness of Henderson's criminal history. Departing downward, the district court sentenced Henderson as a category IV offender and imposed a sentence of 188 months' imprisonment and 5 years supervised release. We affirm.
The Honorable Lyle E. Strom, United States District Judge for the District of Nebraska.
Henderson argues on this appeal, as he did in the district court, that because of Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296, 124 S.Ct. 2531, 159 L.Ed.2d 403 (2004), the jury, not the judge, should have determined whether his prior convictions were related to the instant offense. If related to the instant offense, the prior convictions could not be counted against Henderson for purposes of criminal history point calculation. The United States Sentencing Guidelines provide that "[p]rior sentences are not considered related if they were for offenses that were separated by an intervening arrest." U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2 cmt. n. 3. The district court found that Henderson's prior convictions were unrelated and consequently countable. Henderson contends that finding had to be made by a jury beyond a reasonable doubt.
When Henderson was sentenced, the United States Supreme Court's decision in United States v. Booker, ___ U.S. ___, 125 S.Ct. 738, 160 L.Ed.2d 621 (2005), was pending and it was unclear whether and to what extent Blakely would apply to the United States Sentencing Guidelines. The applicability of Blakely to the Guidelines is no longer in question. In Booker, the Supreme Court instructed that under the federal sentencing guidelines, "[a]ny fact (other than a prior conviction) which is necessary to support a sentence exceeding the maximum authorized by the facts established by a plea of guilty or a jury verdict must be admitted by the defendant or proved to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt." Id. at 756. The Court invalidated the Guidelines under the Sixth Amendment to the extent that they were applied in a mandatory manner. Id. at 764. While district courts are no longer bound to apply the Guidelines, the Guidelines must be consulted and taken into account when sentencing. Id. at 767. Booker also reaffirmed the exception in Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S.Ct. 2348, 147 L.Ed.2d 435 (2000), for prior convictions. Booker, 125 S.Ct. at 756. See also Shepard v. United States, ___ U.S. ___, 125 S.Ct. 1254, 1262-63, 161 L.Ed.2d 205 (2005) (affirming Apprendi exception for prior convictions).
It is undisputed that the prior sentences used to determine Henderson's criminal history level were separated by intervening arrests. Thus, the district court did not make any factual findings which run afoul of the Sixth Amendment in determining that Henderson's prior sentences were unrelated. The non-constitutional Booker violation in this case, i.e., the district court's failure to treat the Guidelines as advisory, was harmless as Henderson received a downward departure to a reasonable sentence. The district court's sentence is affirmed.