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holding that the defendant failed to establish that he had a reasonable expectation of privacy in a motel room that was registered to another person
Summary of this case from Ex parte MooreOpinion
No. 03-1695.
Heard March 9, 2005.
Decided September 7, 2005.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, Mark L. Wolf, J.
Stephen Hrones, with whom Hrones Garrity was on brief for appellant.
Mark T. Quinlivan, Assistant United States Attorney, with whom Michael J. Sullivan, United States Attorney, was on brief for appellee.
Before BOUDIN, Chief Circuit Judge, CAMPBELL and CYR, Senior Circuit Judges.
Leonard Baskin appeals from the judgment of conviction and sentence entered against him for (i) possessing cocaine base with intent to distribute, 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), and (ii) being a felon in possession of a firearm, 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). We affirm.
I BACKGROUND
The record facts are recited in the light most favorable to the district court ruling denying Baskin's motion to suppress the evidence seized pursuant to a warrantless search. See United States v. Antrim, 389 F.3d 276, 278 (1st Cir. 2004), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 125 S.Ct. 1692, 161 L.Ed.2d 506 (2005). On April 20, 2001, Baskin and an associate kidnapped two underage girls, who had run away from a group home in Berkley, Massachusetts, then brought them to a motel room in Swansea, Massachusetts, where both girls were detained at gunpoint and one girl was raped.
En route to the motel, Baskin had stopped to sell drugs from his car. He also kept cocaine in the motel room. One of the girls, identified in the record as "TP," escaped from the motel room on April 21, and went to the local police. The first reports to the police were received at 12:30 a.m. on April 23.
The police, who had reason to believe that TP had contrived the story, and who were not specially trained to deal with hostage situations, decided to conduct further investigation of TP's story before attempting a forced entry of the motel room to rescue the other girl, identified in the record as "AC." Upon placing the motel room under surveillance, the police decided that it would be prudent to interview TP in person to assess her credibility. The interview produced sufficient details to persuade the police that TP was telling the truth. These investigations were not concluded until 4:30 a.m. After determining that probable cause and exigent circumstances existed to enable a warrantless forced entry to the motel room, the police broke down the door at 5:00 a.m., whereupon they discovered Baskin and two females. While placing Baskin under arrest, an officer flipped over a mattress and box spring on a bed, disclosing a handgun and drugs.
On September 5, 2001, Baskin was indicted for possessing cocaine base with intent to distribute, 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), being a felon in possession of a firearm, 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1), and possessing a firearm in furtherance of a drug crime, id. § 924(c)(1). Baskin subsequently moved to suppress evidence seized in the warrantless search of the motel room. Following an evidentiary hearing, the district court denied the suppression motion. After a five-day jury trial, Baskin was acquitted on the § 924(c)(1) count, but convicted on the § 841(a)(1) and § 922(g)(1) counts. The district court ultimately sentenced Baskin to 180 months' imprisonment and 96 months' supervised release. Baskin now appeals the conviction, as well as the sentence.
II DISCUSSION
A. The Motion to Suppress
Baskin contests the rejection of his pretrial motion to suppress evidence seized from the motel room during the warrantless search, especially the evidence discovered beneath the mattress and box spring. Although the district court relied upon several independent grounds, we affirm on its threshold determination that Baskin failed to establish that he had both a subjective and an objectively reasonable expectation of privacy in the motel room and its contents, such as would afford sufficient support for his personal exercise of the rights guaranteed under the Fourth Amendment. See United States v. Romain, 393 F.3d 63, 68 (1st Cir. 2004), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 125 S.Ct. 2924, 162 L.Ed.2d 308 (2005).
The evidence proffered to substantiate Baskin's privacy expectations was contained in the Baskin affidavit, where he contended that one "John Marshall" had rented the motel room for him, that Marshall did not use the room but allowed Baskin to live there for the week, that Marshall had provided Baskin with the only room key, thus Baskin exercised control over the use of the premises. See United States v. Sanchez, 943 F.2d 110, 114 (1st Cir. 1991) (noting that defendant may establish Fourth Amendment "standing" through evidence that premises' owner gave him permission to use the premises). Yet, when the government attempted at the motion hearing to cross-examine Baskin regarding the evidence contained in his affidavit, he invoked the Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination, and refused to respond to the questions put to him. Whereupon, the district court struck the Baskin affidavit.
The district court did not abuse its discretion. See United States v. Bartelho, 129 F.3d 663, 673 (1st Cir. 1997). "A trial judge may strike a witness's direct testimony if he flatly refuses to answer cross-examination questions related to 'the details of his direct testimony,' thereby undermining the prosecution's ability 'to test the truth of his direct testimony.'" Id. (citation omitted).
Although Baskin responds that the district court could have fashioned a less harsh remedy, the trial court's choice of remedy is not grounds for reversal unless it constituted a manifest abuse of its discretion, see id. at 674, whereas this trial record amply supported the district court's discretionary selection of remedy. The details pertaining to John Marshall and his alleged rental arrangement with Baskin were unquestionably a proper subject for government cross-examination. As Baskin offered no other evidence of either a subjective or an objectively reasonable expectation of privacy in the motel room, other than his affidavit, he has failed to establish any ground for asserting a Fourth Amendment right. See Romain, 393 F.3d at 68; United States v. Starks, 40 F.3d 1325, 1333 (1st Cir. 1994).
B. The Guidelines Sentence
Following this appeal, the United States Supreme Court held that the federal sentencing guidelines were advisory, rather than mandatory. United States v. Booker, ___ U.S. ___, 125 S.Ct. 738, 160 L.Ed.2d 621 (2005). As Baskin raised no constitutional challenge below to the Sentencing Guidelines themselves, we review these Booker claims for plain error only. See United States v. Antonakopoulos, 399 F.3d 68, 75 (1st Cir. 2005).
Following oral argument, we requested that the parties submit supplemental briefs regarding the import of the Booker decision on the Baskin sentencing. See Antonakopoulos, 399 F.3d at 83.
In instances of unpreserved Booker error, the defendant "must point to circumstances creating a reasonable probability that the district court would impose a different sentence more favorable to the defendant under the new 'advisory Guidelines' Booker regime." Id. Baskin has not met that threshold burden.
On March 24, 2005, Baskin submitted a petition for rehearing en banc, requesting that the court revisit its decision in Antonakopoulos. See Fed.R.App.P. 35. As the petition technically was premature because no panel decision had yet issued, we denied the petition, without prejudice to refile a petition for rehearing and/or rehearing en banc in due course. As this panel is bound by Antonakopoulos unless and until it is vacated by the en banc court, see Eulitt v. Me. Dep't of Educ., 386 F.3d 344, 349 (1st Cir. 2004), we would deny a petition for panel rehearing which is based solely upon the ground that we should refuse to apply Antonakopoulos. Of course, Baskin remains free to submit a petition for panel rehearing on other grounds, and to renew his petition for rehearing en banc.
The district court sentenced Baskin at the middle ( viz., 180 months) of the applicable guidelines sentencing range (168-210 months). "When, under a mandatory guidelines regime, a sentencing court has elected to sentence the defendant substantially above the bottom of the range, that is a telling indication that the court, if acting under an advisory guidelines regime, would in all likelihood have imposed the same sentence." United States v. Gonzalez-Mercado, 402 F.3d 294, 304 (1st Cir. 2005); see United States v. McLean, 409 F.3d 492, 505 (1st Cir. 2005). Here, the district court, acting well within the limits of its discretion under the mandatory guidelines, could have reduced the Baskin sentence by one full year. Instead, however, the court explicitly characterized the sentence as "appropriate," adding that it was designed to "protect society from danger." See United States v. Carpenter, 403 F.3d 9, 13-14 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 125 S.Ct. 2284, 161 L.Ed.2d 1076 (2005); see also United States v. Mercado, 412 F.3d 243, 253 (1st Cir. 2005).
The Baskin attempt to demonstrate that the district court felt constrained by the guidelines lacks merit. Baskin contends that the district court's statement that a two-level enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(1) "should be applied if a weapon is present" indicates that the court would not have imposed the enhancement unless it were mandatory. Instead, viewed in context, the statement relates to Baskin's unsuccessful contention that his acquittal on the charge of possession of a firearm in furtherance of a drug crime, 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1), foreclosed the court from imposing a § 2D1.1(b)(1) enhancement. See United States v. De Leon Ruiz, 47 F.3d 452, 454 (1st Cir. 1995) (rejecting that argument). Further, Baskin points to the district court's comment — that he had "a good chance of getting the message [that he is not a hopeless person] in less than 15 years" — as evidence that the court would have imposed less than 15 years if it had the discretionary power to do so. But he ignores the district court's comment that this promise of rehabilitation depended entirely upon whether Baskin decided to "work on it." The district court never stated that this potentiality should affect the length of his sentence. Indeed, as we have noted, the district court elsewhere noted that the 15-year sentence was "appropriate." Finally, Baskin contends that the district court might consider, at a resentencing, the disparity in the Guidelines between the penalties for distribution of crack-cocaine and cocaine. See, e.g., Simon v. United States, 361 F.Supp.2d 35, 49 (E.D.N.Y. 2005). However, the record contains no indication that any such differential would have affected the court's sentencing decision, and if it had any such concern, the court could have reduced the disparity by sentencing Baskin at the lower end of his sentencing range. Yet, it did not.
Additionally, Baskin contends that the district court might have considered mitigating factors, such as family ties and responsibilities, which constitute discouraged grounds for departure under the Guidelines. See U.S.S.G. § 5H1.6. Although the district court permitted Baskin to recite the details of his family background and responsibilities during the sentencing proceedings, the district court nevertheless sentenced him at the middle of the guideline sentencing range. See United States v. Martins, 413 F.3d 139, 154 (1st Cir. 2005) (rejecting same argument, and noting that "[n]early all the [family circumstances] factors to which [defendant] alludes were limned in the PSI Report, yet the district court chose not to speak to them at sentencing"); McLean, 409 F.3d at 505 (affirming sentence at middle of guideline range despite evidence of mitigating circumstances not cognizable under mandatory guidelines regime); United States v. Brennick, 405 F.3d 96, 102 (1st Cir. 2005). Similarly, on appeal Baskin proffers no pertinent information regarding his family circumstances which had not been before the district court at sentencing. See Martins, 413 F.3d at 154 (considering proffer of new mitigating evidence on appeal).
For these reasons, we discern no reasonable prospect that the sentence imposed upon Baskin would be reduced were we to remand for resentencing. Accordingly, the district court judgment is affirmed.