Opinion
No. 95-4838 Non-Argument Calendar.
Decided September 9, 1997.
Marisa Tinkler Mendez, Marisa Tinkler Mendez, P.A., Coral Cables, FL, for Defendant-Appellant.
William A. Keefer, United States Attorney, Carol Herman, Dawn Bowen, Madeleine R. Shirley, Miami, FL, for Plaintiff-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida.
No. 94-6019-CR-WJZ
William J. Zloch, Judge.
Before ANDERSON, BIRCH and CARNES, Circuit Judges.
Appellant/defendant Luis Manuel Vasquez challenges his 48-month sentence for using a communication facility during a drug trafficking crime, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §(s) 843(b) and 18 U.S.C. Section(s) 2. Specifically, Vasquez challenges the constitutionality of the federal crack cocaine (crack) penalties found in 21 U.S.C. Section(s) 841(b) and in U.S.S.G. Section(s) 2D1.1.
Vasquez's other arguments on appeal are without merit and warrant no discussion.
Vasquez argues that because of ambiguity in the cocaine sentencing scheme, the rule of lenity should be applied in sentencing for offenses involving crack. This argument is foreclosed by this court's decision in United States v. Sloan, 97 F.3d 1378, 1380-83 (11th Cir. 1996), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 117 S.Ct. 2459, 138 L.Ed.2d 216 (1997).
Vasquez also argues that the sentencing disparity between crack and other forms of cocaine violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fifth Amendment. He contends that Sloan does not control because Sloan rejected the rational basis challenge under the Guideline scheme as it existed before the November 1, 1993, amendment to Section(s) 2D1.1(c).
The 1993 amendment added the following paragraph to U.S.S.G. 2D1.1(c):
"Cocaine base," for the purposes of this guideline, means "crack." "Crack" is the street name for a form of cocaine base, usually prepared by processing cocaine hydrochloride and sodium bicarbonate, and usually appearing in a lumpy, rocklike form.
The sentencing disparity at issue in Sloan (i.e. before the 1993 amendment) was between cocaine powder, which was subject to one level of punishment, and all forms of cocaine base, including crack, which were subject to a higher level of punishment. The 1993 amendment narrowed the application of the higher penalty to crack, leaving offenses involving cocaine base other than crack subject to the lower penalty provisions which before had applied only to cocaine powder. The difference between the instant case and Sloan is that the sentencing scheme has changed so that, after the 1993 amendment, forms of cocaine base other than crack are sentenced in the same manner as cocaine powder, under the lower penalty tier, and crack alone is subject to the higher penalty.
Cocaine powder is the popular name for cocaine hydrochloride. Sloan, 97 F.3d at 1381.
The cocaine involved in Sloan was crack. 97 F.3d at 1380.
For the following reasons, we conclude that this difference between the instant case and Sloan is without legal significance. It is clear from the opinion in Sloan that the reason justifying the higher penalty was the concern that crack was more dangerous and thus warranted the higher penalty. 97 F.3d at 1382-84. Sloan held that the sentencing scheme was rational, even though it recognized that the higher penalty applied not only to crack but also to the broader class of all cocaine bases. Id. at 1382. By limiting the application of the higher penalty to crack alone, the 1993 amendment adjusted the penalty so that it more closely served the concern which warranted the higher penalty. We conclude that the Guideline scheme following the 1993 amendment is even more clearly rational than its predecessor. Therefore, we conclude that Sloan controls the resolution of the instant case.
For the foregoing reasons, Vasquez's sentence is affirmed.
Vasquez also argues that the district court erred in denying his motion to take judicial notice of United States v. Davis, 864 F. Supp. 1303 (N.D.Ga. 1994), or to allow him to supplement the record by submitting a transcript from Davis. We reject this argument because such supplementation of the record would be futile. The court in Sloan had before it both the Davis opinion, and the transcript of the evidentiary hearing held in Davis. Sloan, 97 F.3d at 1381. Thus, supplementation of the record in this case could not produce an evidentiary record different from that in Sloan, which controls this case.
AFFIRMED.