Opinion
8:22-cr-387-SDM-CPT
06-28-2024
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, v. JULIUS SIMMONS,
ORDER
STEVEN D. MERRYDAY UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE.
Julius Simmons, a person “previously convicted . . . of a crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year,” was indicted (Doc. 1) for possessing a firearm in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1), which proscribes the possession of a firearm by a person “who has been convicted in any court of[] a crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year[.]” Simmons moves (Doc. 103) to dismiss the indictment and, citing New York State Rifle & Pistol Association, Inc. v. Bruen, 597 U.S. 1 (2022), argues that Section 922(g)(1) unconstitutionally infringes Simmons's Second Amendment right “to keep and bear Arms.” The United States responds (Doc. 106).
Bruen explains that the Constitution presumptively protects conduct covered by the Second Amendment's plain text unless the United States shows that a “regulation is consistent with this Nation's historical tradition of firearm regulation.” Consistent with D.C. v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570 (2008), which Bruen cites repeatedly and approvingly, Bruen recognizes that “the Second and Fourteenth Amendments protect the right of an ordinary, law-abiding citizen to possess a [firearm]” and holds unconstitutional a regulation “prevent[ing] law-abiding citizens with ordinary self-defense needs from exercising their right to keep and bear arms.”Justice Thomas's opinion for the court in Bruen; Justice Alito's concurrence; Justice Kavanaugh's concurrence, in which Chief Justice Roberts joins; and Justice Breyer's dissent, in which Justices Sotomayor and Kagan join, each understand Bruen “to cast no doubt” on Heller's approval of certain gun regulations, including the prohibition against a felon's possessing a firearm. As Justice Thomas, discussing Heller, writes in Bruen:
Heller confirms the right of a “law-abiding” citizen to possess in the home a firearm for selfdefense, and Bruen confirms the right of a “law-abiding” citizen to possess in public a firearm for self-defense.
After holding that the Second Amendment protected an individual right to armed self-defense, we also relied on the historical understanding of the Amendment to demark the limits on the exercise of that right. We noted that, “[l]ike most rights, the right secured by the Second Amendment is not unlimited.” “From Blackstone through the 19th-century cases, commentators and courts routinely explained that the right was not a right to keep and carry any weapon whatsoever in any manner whatsoever and for whatever purpose.” For example, we found it “fairly supported by the historical tradition of prohibiting the carrying of ‘dangerous and unusual weapons'” that the Second Amendment protects the possession and use of weapons that are “‘in common use at the time.'” (internal citations omitted)
Further, United States v. Rozier, 598 F.3d 768 (11th Cir. 2010), binding prece dent from the Eleventh Circuit, compels the holding that Section 922(g)(1) is constitutional. In Rozier, a felon “convicted of at least three serious drug offenses on different occasions” challenged a conviction for possessing a firearm. The jury convicted Rozier under Section 922(g)(1), and the judge sentenced Rozier under Section 924(e)(1). The Eleventh Circuit affirmed the conviction and the sentence; held that a statute may constitutionally restrict firearm possession by “certain classes of
Although decided before Bruen, Rozier includes no “means-end scrutiny” and instead relies directly on Heller. Because Bruen endorses Heller, confirms Heller's approval of firearm restrictions on felons, and abrogates a two-part test that Rozier never employed, Bruen and Rozier are entirely consistent. United States v. Dubois, 94 F.4th 1284, 1292-93 (11th Cir. 2024) (holding that “Bruen did not abrogate Rozier”); United States v. Beasley, 2023 WL 7839581 (M.D. Fla. 2023) (Mizelle, J.) (holding that Bruen did not abrogate Rozier and that Rozier forecloses the argument that Section 922(g)(1) is unconstitutional); United States v. Kirby, 2023 WL 1781685 (M.D. Fla. 2023) (Corrigan, C.J.) (applying Rozier; stating that “[e]ven if the [c]ourt was not bound by Rozier, the government offers evidence that § 922(g)(1) is part of the historical tradition of the Second Amendment[;]” and collecting cases). people[,]” including convicted felons; and stated that “[Section] 922(g)(1) is a constitutional restriction on Rozier's Second Amendment right.” Rozier, 598 F.3d at 772.
Bruen rejects the use of “means-end scrutiny” to evaluate governmental restrictions on firearms but approves the application of “Heller, which demands a test rooted in the Second Amendment's text, as informed by history.”
Because binding precedent compels the conclusion that Section 922(g)(1) remains constitutional, the motion (Doc. 103) to dismiss the indictment is DENIED.
ORDERED.