Opinion
Case No.: 18-mj-20112-KSC-H-1
02-25-2019
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. ISAIAS RIVAS-VILLARREAL, Defendant-Appellant.
ORDER AFFIRMING MAGISTRATE JUDGE CONVICTION AND JUDGMENT
On July 26, 2018, Defendant Isaias Rivas-Villarreal filed a notice of appeal to the district court. (Doc. No. 10.) The appeal is timely, and the Court has jurisdiction over the appeal pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3402.
Background
On July 11, 2018, Defendant was arrested approximately 200 yards north of the United States/Mexico border and 9.3 miles east of the Tecate, California Port of Entry. (Doc. No. 1 at 2.) Defendant stated that he is a citizen of Mexico without any immigration documents that would allow him to legally enter or remain in the United States. (Id.)
On July 12, 2018, the Government filed a criminal complaint charging Defendant with being "an alien, [who] did knowingly elude examination and inspection by Immigration Officers, a misdemeanor; in violation of Title 8, United States Code, Section 1325(a)(2)." (Doc. No. 1 at 1.) On July 12, 2018, Defendant appeared before the Magistrate Judge and entered a plea of guilty to the single count for violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1325(a)(2) in the complaint. (Doc. No. 3.) During his Rule 11 plea colloquy, Defendant admitted: (1) that he was not a citizen of the United States; and (2) that he entered the United States "by jumping the border fence." (Doc. No. 9 at 79.) The Magistrate Judge accepted Defendant's guilty plea and subsequently sentenced Defendant to time served. (Id. at 112; Doc. Nos. 3, 4.) During this hearing, Defendant's counsel joined in objections to the criminal proceedings on the basis that, among others, they violated the Equal Protection Clause and the Due Process Clause of the United States Constitution. (Doc. No. 9 at 31, 33, 36-37.)
The Magistrate Judge entered a final judgment on July 12, 2018. (Doc. No. 4.) Fourteen days later, on July 26, 2018, Defendant filed a timely notice of appeal. (Doc. No. 10.) See Fed. R. Crim. P. 58(g)(2)(B) (setting forth a 14-day deadline for filing an appeal from a magistrate judge's judgment of conviction).
Discussion
"In all cases of conviction by a United States magistrate judge an appeal of right shall lie from the judgment of the magistrate judge to a judge of the district court of the district in which the offense was committed." 18 U.S.C. § 3402. Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 58(g)(2)(B) provides: "[a] defendant may appeal a magistrate judge's judgment of conviction or sentence to a district judge within 14 days of its entry." Fed. R. Crim. P. 58(g)(2)(B).
On appeal, Defendant argues that his conviction should be vacated because his criminal proceedings violated the Equal Protection Clause and the Due Process Clause of the United States Constitution. (Doc. No. 16 at 1, 7.) Specifically, Defendant argues that his criminal proceedings violated his equal protection and due process rights because criminal defendants charged with violating 8 U.S.C. § 1325 are not prosecuted through the district's misdemeanor court - the Central Violations Bureau ("CVB") court - or the district court's felony calendar. (Id. at 7-16.) In response, the Government argues that Defendant's constitutional claims fail. (Doc. No. 17 at 7-15.)
Defendant argues that the Court's adjudication of his criminal proceedings through a 8 U.S.C. § 1325 specific calendar rather than through the CVB court or the district court's felony calendar violates his equal protection rights because Defendant and others charged with violating 8 U.S.C. § 1325(a)(2) are, by definition, set apart on the basis on their alienage and national origin. (Doc. No. 16 at 13-14.) The Ninth Circuit has explained: "However, there is a distinction between statutes which classify based on alienage and statutes which classify based on criminal actions. Given Congress' plenary power over immigration, imposing different rules on immigrants versus citizens does not in itself create a suspect classification." United States v. Mendoza-Hinojosa, 216 F.3d 1085, at *2 (9th Cir. 2000) (citing Fiallo v. Bell, 430 U.S. 787, 792 (1977)). Here, the statute at issue, 8 U.S.C. § 1325(a)(2), prohibits "[a]ny alien" from "elud[ing] examination or inspection by immigration officers." The statute creates a classification based upon specific criminal action, "elud[ing] examination or inspection by immigration officers," and not alienage. See United States v. Mazariegos-Ramirez, No. 18MJ22276-WQH, 2019 WL 338923, at *2 (S.D. Cal. Jan. 28, 2019) ("[8 U.S.C. § 1325(a)(2)] creates a classification based upon criminal action and not alienage."). Thus, the statute and the Court's calendaring of those charged with violating that statute do not create a suspect classification.
"Non-suspect classifications are 'constitutionally valid if there is a plausible policy reason for the classification, the legislative facts on which the classification is apparently based rationally may have been considered to be true by the governmental decisionmaker, and the relationship of the classification to its goal is not so attenuated as to render the distinction arbitrary or irrational.'" Allied Concrete & Supply Co. v. Baker, 904 F.3d 1053, 1060 (9th Cir. 2018). "'Further, because the classification is presumed constitutional, the burden is on the [party] attacking the legislative arrangement to negative every conceivable basis which might support it.'" Id. at 1060-61. Here, Defendant has failed to negate every conceivable basis to support prosecuting him for violation of § 1325(a)(2) in the district court rather than the CVB court. Prosecuting § 1325(a)(2) defendants through a § 1325 specific calendar serves the legitimate interest of conserving judicial resources and promoting judicial efficiency. See Bankers Life & Cas. Co. v. Crenshaw, 486 U.S. 71, 82 (1988) (recognizing the conservation of judicial resources as a legitimate government interest); see also United States v. W.R. Grace, 526 F.3d 499, 509 (9th Cir. 2008) ("[D]istrict courts have inherent power to control their dockets. Further, judges exercise substantial discretion over what happens inside the courtroom. We have accepted that [a]ll federal courts are vested with inherent powers enabling them to manage their cases and courtrooms effectively and to ensure obedience to their orders." (citations and internal quotation marks omitted)). As a result, Defendant's equal protection claim fails.
Defendant also argues that the Court's adjudication of his criminal proceedings through a § 1325 specific calendar violates his substantive and procedural due process rights. (Doc. No. 16 at 14-16.) The Court rejects this argument. "'[S]ubstantive due process' prevents the government from engaging in conduct that 'shocks the conscience' or interferes with rights 'implicit in the concept of ordered liberty.'" United States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 746 (1987) (citations omitted). Thus, in order to establish a violation of substantive due process, a claimant must show that "the behavior of the governmental officer is so egregious, so outrageous, that it may fairly be said to shock the contemporary conscience." Cty. of Sacramento v. Lewis, 523 U.S. 833, 847 (1998); see Rochin v. California, 342 U.S. 165, 172-73 (1952). "[This] 'shock the conscience' standard erects a high hurdle for would-be claimants." Aguilar v. U.S. Immigration & Customs Enft Div. of Dep't of Homeland Sec., 510 F.3d 1, 21 (1st Cir. 2007); accord Ms. L. v. U.S Immigration & Customs Enf't, 302 F. Supp. 3d 1149, 1166 (S.D. Cal. 2018). Prosecution for violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1325(a)(2) in the district court through a § 1325 specific calendar rather in the CVB court falls well short of "shocking the contemporary conscience." As a result, Defendant's substantive due process claim fails.
Defendant's procedural due process claim also fails. "A procedural due process claim has two elements." Franceschi v. Yee, 887 F.3d 927, 935 (9th Cir. 2018). The claimant must demonstrate: "'(1) a deprivation of a constitutionally protected liberty or property interest, and (2) a denial of adequate procedural protections.'" Id. Here, Defendant fails to explain how he was denied adequate procedural protections. Defendant's proceedings were conducted in accordance with the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, and Defendant does not contend that any aspect of his criminal proceedings violated those procedural rules. As a result, Defendant's procedural due process claim fails.
In his opening brief, Defendant argues in general that aspects of the Court's § 1325 calendar has at times violated Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 51(b). (Doc. No. 16 at 11.) But Defendant never specifically asserts that a Rule 51(b) violation occurred during his criminal proceedings. (See generally Doc. No. 16.)
In sum, Defendant has failed to show that his conviction for violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1325(a)(2) violated the Equal Protection Clause or the Due Process Clause of the United States Constitution. See United Mazariegos-Ramirez, 2019 WL 338923, at *2 (holding that the defendant's prosecution for violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1325(a)(2) in the district court rather than in CVB court "does not the violate the Equal Protection Clause or the Due Process Clause of the United States Constitution"). As such, the Court affirms Defendant's conviction.
Conclusion
For the reasons above, the Court denies Defendant's appeal and affirms Defendant's conviction and judgment.
IT IS SO ORDERED. DATED: February 25, 2019
/s/_________
MARILYN L. HUFF, District Judge
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT