Opinion
Case No. 99-10023-02-JTM (Criminal) Case No. 16-1174-JTM (Civil)
05-04-2018
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff, v. LEO D. GRAHAM, JR., Defendant.
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
This case is before the court on defendant Leo Graham's motion to vacate sentence pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255 (Dkt. 330). Defendant claims that the career offender enhancement based on U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1 of the sentencing guidelines, is unconstitutional in light of Johnson v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 2551 (2015). For the reasons set forth below, this court dismisses defendant's motion.
The United States Supreme Court held in Beckles v. United States, 137 S. Ct. 886, 890 (2017), that the residual clause under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a)(2)—"defining a 'crime of violence' as an offense that 'involves conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another[]'"—was not unconstitutional. Beckles, 137 S. Ct. at 890. Beckles abrogated the Tenth Circuit's decision in United States v. Madrid, 805 F.3d 1204, 1210 (10th Cir. 2015), and concluded that the advisory sentencing guidelines are not subject to vagueness challenges under the due process clause. Beckles, 137 S. Ct. at 886, 894.
Since Beckles, courts, including the Tenth Circuit, have considered challenges to career offender enhancements under the mandatory sentencing guidelines. See, e.g., United States v. Mulay, No. 17-3031, 2018 WL 985741, at *3 (10th Cir. Feb. 20, 2018); United States v. Greer, 881 F.3d 1241, 1247 (10th Cir. 2018). But the Tenth Circuit resolved the matter by holding a defendant "cannot rely on Johnson to bring a retroactive challenge to his sentence on collateral review because the right he asserts . . . was not recognized in Johnson." Mulay, 2018 WL 985741 at *3. Johnson's holding is limited to the residual clause of the Armed Career Criminal Act. Id. at *4 (quoting Greer, 881 F.3d at 1248). Because defendant is challenging his mandatory guidelines career offender enhancement on collateral review, Johnson is inapplicable to afford relief.
The Supreme Court held in Welch v. United States, 136 S.Ct. 1257, 1265 (2016), that Johnson was a substantive rule of constitutional law that applies retroactively to cases on collateral review. --------
The court agrees with defendant's argument that reasonable jurists could disagree as to whether Johnson applies to cases sentenced under the mandatory guidelines, and therefore, grants defendant a certificate of appealability. See, e.g., Moore v. United States, 871 F.3d 72, 84 (1st Cir. 2017) ("We leave it to the district court to decide in the first instance if it is appropriate to consider Moore's vagueness challenge as applied or categorically and, in either event, whether the pre-Booker guidelines fixed Moore's sentencing range in the relevant sense that the ACCA fixed sentences."). Defendant has presented issues "adequate to deserve encouragement to proceed further." United States v. McGuire, 678 F. App'x 643, 644 (10th Cir. 2017) (quoting Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484, (2000)).
IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that defendant's motion to vacate sentence pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255 (Dkt. 330) is dismissed.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the court will issue a certificate of appealability in this case.
Dated this 4th day of May, 2018, at Wichita, Kansas.
s/ J. Thomas Marten
J. THOMAS MARTEN, JUDGE