Opinion
Civ. Nos. 71-35S, 71-36S and 71-38S.
May 26, 1972.
David R. Gienapp and Robert D. Hiaring, Asst. U.S. Attys., for plaintiff.
Claude A. Hamilton and David V. Vrooman, Sioux Falls, S.D., for defendants and third party plaintiffs.
Gale E. Fisher, of May, Johnson Burke, Sioux Falls, S.D., for third party defendant.
MEMORANDUM DECISION
Upon the completion of the evidence all parties to this action moved for a directed verdict. The Court granted the plaintiff's motion against the three principal defendants, who are the livestock commission agents, and the three principal defendants' motions against the third party defendant, Shields. Because of the importance of this decision and the recent admonition by the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals not to grant directed verdicts unless exceptional circumstances exist, Passwaters v. General Motors Corp., 454 F.2d 1270, 1272-1273 (8th Cir. 1972), the Court is filing this memorandum decision.
Robert W. Shields borrowed $26,000 from the Farmers Home Administration (F.H.A.). As evidence of this debt he executed a promissory note and a security agreement on May 6, 1968. The security agreement listed 127 head of mixed cattle including the proceeds and products thereof as security. (See Gov't. Ex. # 1) A similar security agreement covering the same loan was executed on August 6, 1968. (Gov't. Ex. # 6) A financing statement covering the August 6, 1968, security agreement was properly filed.
The debtor, Shields, without authorization, sold 12 head of the mortgaged cattle at the Canton Livestock Sales Co. on August 8, 1968. The check for the cattle was made payable to Shields and the F.H.A. This sale was accepted and approved by the F.H.A. district supervisor on August 12, 1968. (Gov't. Ex. # 41)
Shields then made the following unauthorized sales to:
Defendant E.W. Savage Son, Inc. Ex. # Date Head Amount
7 October 30, 1968 5 $1,015.82 8 January 8, 1968 11 $2,175.57 9 March 4, 1969 18 $ 644.50 ---------- Total $3,835.89 ==========Defendant Olsen-Frankman
17 January 14, 1969 10 $2,245.52 16 January 16, 1969 17 $3,119.33 15 January 20, 1969 11 $2,133.86 14 January 21, 1969 1 $ 136.05 13 February 13, 1969 9 $1,863.24 ---------- Total $9,498.00 ==========Defendant Adams-Dougherty Livestock Comm.
10 January 7, 1969 14 $2,992.12 11 September 23, 1968 4 $ 577.04 12 August 27, 1968 3 $ 614.43 18 December 19, 1968 16 $3,703.39 ---------- Total $7,886.98 ==========
These defendants paid the proceeds of these sales to Shields, who failed to use the money for repayment of his F.H.A. loan.
The United States now seeks to recover the amount of its loss from the livestock commission merchants, defendants Adams Dougherty, Olsen-Frankman and E.W. Savage Son. The government's theory is that these defendants were the agents of the third party defendant, Shields, and that they aided Shields in converting the cattle covered by the security agreement.
The Circuit Courts of Appeals are split over the issue of whether state or federal law controls in suits by the United States to enforce its rights under F.H.A. mortgages. See United States v. Hext, 444 F.2d 804, 807-809 (5th Cir. 1971). The Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals has held that state law applies. United States v. Kramel, 234 F.2d 577 (8th Cir. 1956). Since the loan and the conversion occurred in South Dakota, her law applies.
This question is really somewhat academic in view of the fact that most of the states, as has South Dakota, have adopted the Uniform Commercial Code. Thus as United States v. Hext, 444 F.2d 804, 809-811 (5th Cir. 1971) points out, any federal rule would be patterned after the Uniform Commercial Code to acquire uniformity. Thus the same result as we reach by applying state law would be reached by applying a federal standard.
In South Dakota the defendant livestock commission merchants are agents of the debtor, Shields, and are personally liable for assisting their principal, Shields, in converting the property of the F.H.A. by selling the mortgaged cattle. First National Bank of Pipestone v. Siman, 65 S.D. 514, 275 N.W. 347 (1937); S.D.C.L. Sec. 59-5-2(3) (1967). The agents can be relieved of this liability by showing an acquiescence or consent to the sale on the part of the true owner or mortgagee. Rapid City Production Credit Ass'n v. Transamerica Ins. Co., S.D., 184 N.W.2d 49, 50 (1971).
Defendants urge that they should be allowed to show by prior course of dealing and trade usage that the F.H.A. as a secured party authorized the debtor, Shields, to sell the secured property, farm products, under S.D.C.L. Sec. 57-37-19 (1967) (U.C.C. 9-306). That section provides:
(A) security interest continues in collateral notwithstanding sale, exchange or other disposition thereof by the debtor unless his action was authorized by the secured party in the security agreement or otherwise. . . . (emphasis added)
The security agreement provides that the debtor will not "sell or otherwise dispose of it (the collateral) or of any interests therein, or permit others to do so, without prior written consent of Secured Party. . . ." (Gov't. Ex. # 6 par. III(B)(6)). It also provides that the debtor will "comply with such farm and home management plans as may be agreed upon from time to time by Debtor and Secured Party. . . ." (Gov't. Ex. # 6 par. III(B)(2)). The Farm and Home Plan provides that the debtor was to purchase in June,
150 light calves to be run on pasture and fed silage on hand.
3. Carry cattle this fall on primarily silage and hay ration and on full feed of corn for 90 day(s) prior to selling. (Gov't. Ex. # 2 Sec. D.)
The security agreement also provides that the security interest covers proceeds and products of the collateral. (Gov't. Ex. # 6 par. II.)
S.D.C.L. Sec. 57-1-18 (1967) (U.C.C. 1-205(4)) provides:
The express terms of an agreement and an applicable course of dealing or usage of trade shall be construed wherever reasonable as consistent with each other; but when such construction is unreasonable express terms control both course of dealing and usage of trade and course of dealing controls usage of trade. (emphasis added).
The principle defendants contend that under Uniform Commercial Code Sec. 9-306, Comment 3, the circumstances of the parties, the nature of the collateral, the course of dealing of the parties and the usage of trade are admissible to show that a sale was impliedly authorized by the inclusion of proceeds as collateral. In addition they contend that this evidence would resolve the inconsistency between the security agreement requiring a written authorization to sell and the farm plan authorizing sale 90 days after putting the cattle on corn which they claim would be about the time the sales were made. If there is an inconsistency, S.D.C.L. Sec. 57-1-18 (1967) (U.C.C. Sec. 1-205(4)) requires that the writing control and, therefore, no evidence of trade usage or course of dealings is admissible. See the dissent in Clovis National Bank v. Thomas, 77 N.M. 554, 566, 425 P.2d 726, 734 (1967).
United States v. Big Z Warehouse, 311 F. Supp. 283, 287 (S.D.Ga. 1970), held that the inclusion of proceeds as collateral was not a waiver of the requirement of a written authorization to sell.
The testimony at trial did not show any written or oral authorization to sell. If the farm plan could be construed as an authorization to sell, still no sale was authorized by it prior to March 21, 1969, which would be 90 days after the fall of 1968. United States v. Hansen, 311 F.2d 477 (8th Cir. 1963) is not applicable since that decision turned on the fact that the county supervisor had expressly consented to the sale, as he was authorized by regulation to do.
Defendants' remaining theory is that the government consented to the sale by acquiescence. This theory is similar to a theory of estoppel. The United States cannot be estopped by the act of its agent even if grounds normally sufficient for estoppel in a suit between private parties are present. United States v. Ulvedal, 372 F.2d 31 (8th Cir. 1967). Thus, absent an express consent, the United States cannot be said to have acquiesced to the sale.
Defendants relied heavily on Clovis National Bank v. Thomas, 77 N.M. 554, 425 P.2d 726 (1967), in support of their contention that there was sufficient evidence of consent by acquiescence to present a jury question. The Clovis case is distinguishable in that in it the secured party was a private party and not the United States.
If the Clovis case were controlling still there would not be sufficient evidence to create a jury question. The following table shows the facts presenting a jury question in Clovis which either were not present in this case or are distinguishable. CLOVIS PRESENT CASE
1. Debtor had made 2 Debtor made one unauthorized prior unauthorized sales sale 2 days after giving which the mortgagee approved the cattle as security by accepting the proceeds which the mortgagee 3 1/2 months and 6 1/2 months (FHA) approved by accepting after giving the cattle the proceeds. as security.
2. No instructions were Mortgagee, at the signing given to the debtor to of the security agreement, include the mortgagee's instructed debtor to name as payee on any sale include mortgagee's name as of the secured property. payee on any check from the sale of any secured property. This procedure was followed on the first unauthorized sale made by the debtor.
3. The mortgagee admitted Mortgagee denies that it it was aware that the knew debtor made any debtor was making unauthorized sales other than unauthorized sales. the one specifically approved
4. An investigation of No investigation was made the debtor's financial by mortgagee during the ability and transactions period of the loan since was conducted after there was no indication of several unauthorized unauthorized sales. sales had been made and then an additional loan and similar security agreement were executed between debtor and mortgagee.
5. Facts do not indicate Proceeds were covered in whether or not proceeds the security agreement. were covered in the security agreement.
6. Mortgagee testified Mortgagee testified that a that it was their custom sale of the collateral by and practice to permit a the debtor without prior debtor to retain consent was unusual and possession and sell the that the debtor was collateral (cattle) instructed to include the without obtaining prior mortgagee's name as payee written consent. on the check from the sale of any collateral.
7. Mortgagee never Mortgagee told debtor demanded that the debtor consent for sale was obtain prior written necessary and to include consent before selling mortgagee's name as payee collateral even though on check from sale of mortgagee knew debtor was collateral. making unauthorized sales.
8. Mortgagee testified No such testimony here. that debtors never contact mortgagee to secure permission to make sales and that mortgagee relies on the honesty of the debtor. This is true 99% of the time.
It cannot be said that upon a fair reading of the evidence in this trial that there is an issue as to acquiescence upon which reasonable minds can differ.
Defendants' second theory was that the secondary mortgage on the debtor's real estate given to the F.H.A. on February 10, 1969, was an accord and satisfaction. Thus the contention is that the real estate mortgage was substituted for the security agreement and, therefore, the United States had no loss from the conversion.
The debtor, Shields, testified that it was his desire that the secondary mortgage on his real estate cover all losses that the F.H.A. may have incurred through loans to him. There was no evidence that either party understood or intended the second mortgage to be substitute security for the security agreement. That mortgage expressly provided that "the proceeds of foreclosure sale . . . shall be applied . . . to the payment of . . . any other indebtedness of Borrower owing to or insured by the Government." (Defendant Ex. B, par. 14). This language indicates that the secondary mortgage was additional security and not substitute security.
Defendants rely on Drovers' Cattle Loan Investment Co. v. Rice, 10 F.2d 510 (N.D.Iowa 1926), which held that the agent of the convertor is released if the mortgagee accepts substitute security after learning of the conversion. In Drovers' the evidence was controverted as to whether or not the deeds taken as security after the conversion were substituted security. Here the evidence is uncontroverted that the secondary real estate mortgage was additional security and not substituted security.
After carefully considering all of the contentions of the parties, the Court can find no issue of fact to submit to the jury and finds that as a matter of law the United States is entitled to a directed verdict against the defendants, E.W. Savage Son, Inc., Olsen-Frankman and Adams-Dougherty Livestock Commission, and that the defendants, E.W. Savage Son, Inc., Olsen-Frankman and Adams-Dougherty Livestock Commission are entitled to a directed verdict against the third party defendant Shields.