Opinion
No. 15-3020 C/w 15-3021 15-3023
08-03-2018
UNITED STATES of America, Appellee v. Yonas ESHETU, also known as Yonas Sebsibe, Appellant
John Patrick Taddei, Esquire, Trial Attorney, U.S. Department of Justice, (DOJ) Criminal Division, Appellate Section, Washington, Peter S. Smith, Assistant U.S. Attorney, Elizabeth Trosman, Esquire, Assistant U.S. Attorney, USAO Appellate Counsel, U.S. Attorney's Office, (USA) Civil Division, Washington, for Plaintiff–Appellee. Christopher M. Davis, Mary E. Davis, Davis & Davis, Washington, for Defendant–Appellant. A. J. Kramer, Federal Public Defender, Office of the Federal Public Defender, Washington, for Amicus Curiae for Appellant.
John Patrick Taddei, Esquire, Trial Attorney, U.S. Department of Justice, (DOJ) Criminal Division, Appellate Section, Washington, Peter S. Smith, Assistant U.S. Attorney, Elizabeth Trosman, Esquire, Assistant U.S. Attorney, USAO Appellate Counsel, U.S. Attorney's Office, (USA) Civil Division, Washington, for Plaintiff–Appellee.
Christopher M. Davis, Mary E. Davis, Davis & Davis, Washington, for Defendant–Appellant.
A. J. Kramer, Federal Public Defender, Office of the Federal Public Defender, Washington, for Amicus Curiae for Appellant.
Before: Henderson, Kavanaugh and Millett, Circuit Judges.
Judge Kavanaugh did not participate in this disposition.
Per Curiam
A jury convicted defendants Pablo Lovo and Joel Sorto of conspiring to interfere with interstate commerce by robbery, 18 U.S.C. § 1951, and using, carrying or possessing a firearm during a crime of violence, 18 U.S.C. § 924(c). Lovo and Sorto appealed their convictions. United States v. Eshetu , 863 F.3d 946 (D.C. Cir. 2017). In the main, we rejected their claims, id . at 951-58 & n.9, remanding only for further consideration of two ineffective-assistance challenges, id . at 957-58. As relevant here, we rejected their claim that the "residual clause" "of the statutory crime-of-violence definition that affects them—set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3)(B) —is unconstitutionally vague." Id . at 952 ; see id . at 952-56. After we issued our decision, the United States Supreme Court held that 18 U.S.C. § 16(b) —the "residual clause" of section 16's crime-of-violence definition—is unconstitutionally vague. Sessions v. Dimaya , ––– U.S. ––––, 138 S.Ct. 1204, 1210, 200 L.Ed.2d 549 (2018). With the support of the Federal Public Defender as amicus curiae, Lovo and Sorto now seek rehearing. They argue that Dimaya dictates vacatur of their section 924(c) convictions. We agree.
More precisely, Lovo petitions for rehearing and Sorto moves to adopt his and amicus's arguments. See Fed. R. App. P. 28(i). We grant Sorto's motions, which the government does not oppose.
Under the residual clause that Dimaya struck down, "[t]he term ‘crime of violence’ means" an "offense that is a felony and that, by its nature, involves a substantial risk that physical force against the person or property of another may be used in the course of committing the offense." 18 U.S.C. § 16(b). Under the residual clause at issue here, "the term ‘crime of violence’ means an offense that is a felony and ... that by its nature, involves a substantial risk that physical force against the person or property of another may be used in the course of committing the offense." 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3)(B). To borrow a phrase, the two statutes are "materially identical." Gov't's Br. 12, Sessions v. Dimaya , S. Ct. No. 15-1498 (Nov. 14, 2016); see Dimaya , 138 S.Ct. at 1241 (Roberts, C.J., dissenting) (" § 16 is replicated in ... § 924(c)"). We therefore discern no basis for a different result here from the one in Dimaya . Accord United States v. Salas , 889 F.3d 681, 684-86 (10th Cir. 2018) (invalidating section 924(c)(3)(B) and explaining why its textual similarity with section 16(b) is dispositive). In short, section 924(c)(3)(B) is void for vagueness. Dimaya requires us to abjure our earlier anlaysis to the contrary.
The government concedes "that the panel should grant rehearing in order to address the impact of Dimaya ." Appellee's Suppl. Br. 3. But it urges us to "construe § 924(c)(3)(B) to require a case-specific approach that considers appellants' own conduct, rather than the ‘ordinary case’ of the crime." Id . at 8. In the government's telling, this construction is a necessary means of avoiding "the constitutional concerns that [a categorical] interpretation would create following Dimaya ." Id . Whatever the clean-slate merits of the government's construction, we as a panel are not at liberty to adopt it: circuit precedent demands a categorical approach to section 924(c)(3)(B), see United States v. Kennedy , 133 F.3d 53, 56 (D.C. Cir. 1998), and one panel cannot overrule another, see LaShawn A. v. Barry , 87 F.3d 1389, 1395 (D.C. Cir. 1996) (en banc) ("That power may be exercised only by the full court, either through an in banc decision ... or pursuant to the more informal practice adopted in Irons v. Diamond , 670 F.2d 265, 268 n.11 (D.C. Cir. 1981).").
The government says this "panel is not bound by Kennedy " because Dimaya , "an intervening Supreme Court decision," "casts doubt" on it. Appellee's Suppl. Br. 24 (internal quotation omitted). We disagree. Dimaya nowise calls into question Kennedy 's requirement of a categorical approach. To the contrary, a plurality of the High Court concluded that section 16(b) —which, again, is textually parallel with section 924(c)(3)(B) —is "[b]est read" to "demand[ ] a categorical approach" "even if that approach [cannot] in the end satisfy constitutional standards." Dimaya , 138 S.Ct. at 1217 (plurality opinion) (emphasis added). If anything, that analysis reinforces Kennedy 's precedential viability. Granted, " Dimaya did not include any holding by a majority of the Court that § 16(b) requires a categorical approach, and it leaves open the same question for § 924(c)(3)(B)." Appellee's Suppl. Br. 8 (emphasis added). But the fact that Dimaya did not definitively resolve the matter only underscores our point: Dimaya cannot be read to mean that Kennedy "is clearly an incorrect statement of current law." United States v. Dorcely , 454 F.3d 366, 373 n.4 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (noting this criterion for overruling circuit precedent, with full court's endorsement, via panel decision) (internal quotation omitted); see Policy Statement on En Banc Endorsement of Panel Decisions 1 (Jan. 17, 1996), perma.cc/9FGD-C265.
Accordingly, we grant rehearing for the limited purpose of vacating Lovo's and Sorto's section 924(c) convictions in light of Dimaya . We do not otherwise reconsider or disturb our decision in Eshetu . We remand to the district court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion and the unaffected portions of Eshetu .
In vacating the section 924(c) convictions, we express no view—because the government advances no argument—about whether conspiracy in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1951 is a crime of violence under the "elements clause" in section 924(c)(3)(A). Appellee's Suppl. Br. 2 n.2 (conceding that "[o]nly the [residual] clause is at issue here").
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