Opinion
CRIMINAL ACTION NO. 2:12-CR-146
10-31-2016
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA v. EDGAR GUADALUPE CRUZ-VELASCO
MEMORANDUM OPINION & ORDER
Defendant/Movant Edgar Cruz-Velasco filed a motion to vacate, set aside, or correct sentence pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255. D.E. 35. Now pending before the Court is the United States' motion to dismiss (D.E. 46), to which Movant has not responded. For the reasons set forth below, the Government's motion to dismiss is granted, and Movant's § 2255 motion is denied.
I. Background
On May 1, 2012, Movant was found guilty of illegal reentry in violation of 8 U.S.C. §§ 1326(a) and 1326(b)(2). The Presentence Investigation Report (PSR) assigned Movant a base offense level of 8. A 16-level enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(ii) was added because Movant had previously been deported after being convicted of felony armed robbery/carjacking in Florida. With a criminal history category of V, his advisory guideline range was 92 to 115 months' imprisonment. At sentencing, the Court adopted the findings of the PSR and sentenced Movant to a below-guideline sentence of 72 months. Judgment was entered on August 6, 2012. Movant did not appeal.
Movant filed the present motion on June 25, 2016, asserting relief under Johnson v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 2551 (2015), and Welch v. United States, 136 S.Ct. 1257 (2016). It is timely. See 28 U.S.C. § 2255(f)(3).
II. Legal Standard
There are four cognizable grounds upon which a federal prisoner may move to vacate, set aside, or correct his sentence: (1) constitutional issues, (2) challenges to the district court's jurisdiction to impose the sentence, (3) challenges to the length of a sentence in excess of the statutory maximum, and (4) claims that the sentence is otherwise subject to collateral attack. 28 U.S.C. § 2255; United States v. Placente, 81 F.3d 555, 558 (5th Cir. 1996). "Relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 is reserved for transgressions of constitutional rights and for a narrow range of injuries that could not have been raised on direct appeal and would, if condoned, result in a complete miscarriage of justice." United States v. Vaughn, 955 F.2d 367, 368 (5th Cir. 1992). "Moreover, a defendant 'may not raise an issue [constitutional or jurisdictional in nature] for the first time on collateral review without showing both 'cause' for his procedural default, and 'actual prejudice' resulting from the error.'" United States v. Segler, 37 F.3d 1131, 1133 (5th Cir. 1994) (quoting United States v. Shaid, 937 F.2d 228, 232 (5th Cir. 1991) (en banc)).
III. Movant's Allegations
Movant's § 2255 motion raises a single claim: In light of Johnson v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 2551 (2015), his sentence enhancement based on a prior conviction for a "crime of violence" was unconstitutional.
IV. Analysis
Under the Armed Career Criminal Act (ACCA), a person who possesses a gun in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g) after sustaining three prior convictions for a "serious drug offense" or "violent felony" faces a minimum prison term of 15 years and a maximum of life. 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1). The ACCA defines the term "violent felony" to mean any felony that: (i) "has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person of another;" (ii) "is burglary, arson, or extortion, [or] involves use of explosives," or "otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another." 18 U.S.C. §924(e)(2)(b) (emphasis added). The preceding italicized text—also known as the "residual clause"—was declared unconstitutionally vague by the Supreme Court in Johnson v. United States, 135 S.Ct. 2551, 2563 (2015).
Movant's sentence was enhanced under U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A), which imposes a 16-level enhancement if the defendant was previously deported after a felony conviction for a "crime of violence." "Crime of violence" is defined as:
any of the following offenses under federal, state, or local law: murder, manslaughter, kidnapping, aggravated assault, forcible sex offenses . . . , statutory rape, sexual abuse of a minor, robbery , arson, extortion, extortionate extension of credit, burglary of a dwelling, or any other offense under federal, state, or local law that has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person of another.U.S.S.G § 2L1.2 cmt. n.1(B)(iii) (emphasis added).
Movant's sentence was enhanced based on his prior felony conviction for armed robbery/carjacking. Robbery is an enumerated offense under U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(1). "[B]ecause [Movant's] prior conviction qualifies as a crime of violence pursuant to the list of enumerated offenses contained in U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(ii), Application Note (1)(B)(iii), he cannot correctly argue that his sentence was enhanced pursuant to an unconstitutionally vague residual clause." Polanco-Ozorto v. United States, 2016 WL 4083063, at *3 (S.D. Tex. June 30, 2016), Mag. Report & Recomm. adopted by 2016 WL 4082723 (July 29, 2016). Moreover, "2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(ii) does not have a residual clause resembling the clause in the ACCA." Id. Thus, "the Court's application of § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A) does not provide him with a basis to formulate a claim under Johnson." Villarreal-Medrano v. United States, 2016 WL 4194139, at *3 (S.D. Tex. July 15, 2016), Mag. Report & Recomm. adopted by 2016 WL 4197599 (S.D. Tex. Aug. 8, 2016).
V. Certificate of Appealability
An appeal may not be taken to the court of appeals from a final order in a habeas corpus proceeding "unless a circuit justice or judge issues a certificate of appealability." 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c) (1)(A). Although Movant has not yet filed a notice of appeal, this Court nonetheless addresses whether he would be entitled to a certificate of appealability (COA). See Alexander v. Johnson, 211 F.3d 895, 898 (5th Cir. 2000) (a district court may sua sponte rule on a COA because "the district court that denies a petitioner relief is in the best position to determine whether the petitioner has made a substantial showing of a denial of a constitutional right on the issues before that court. Further briefing and argument on the very issues the court has just ruled on would be repetitious.").
A COA "may issue . . . only if the applicant has made a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right." 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). "The COA determination under § 2253(c) requires an overview of the claims in the habeas petition and a general assessment of their merits." Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 336 (2003). To warrant a grant of the certificate as to claims denied on their merits, "[t]he petitioner must demonstrate that reasonable jurists would find the district court's assessment of the constitutional claims debatable or wrong." Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000). This standard requires a § 2255 movant to demonstrate that reasonable jurists could debate whether the motion should have been resolved differently, or that the issues presented deserved encouragement to proceed further. United States v. Jones, 287 F.3d 325, 329 (5th Cir. 2002) (relying upon Slack, 529 U.S. at 483-84).
Based on the above standards, the Court concludes that Movant is not entitled to a COA—that is, reasonable jurists could not debate the Court's resolution of his claims.
VI. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, the Government's motion to dismiss (D.E. 46) is GRANTED, and Movant's motion to vacate, set aside, or correct sentence pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255 (D.E. 35) is DENIED. Additionally, Movant is DENIED a Certificate of Appealability.
ORDERED this 31st day of October, 2016.
/s/_________
NELVA GONZALES RAMOS
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
Cf.18 U.S.C. §924(e)(2)(b) (defining a "violent felony" as any felony offense that "otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another"); U.S.S.G § 2L1.2 cmt. n.1(B)(iii) (defining a "crime of violence" as any other offense "that has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person of another").