Opinion
No. 20-3022
07-14-2020
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff - Appellee, v. ANTOINE BEASLEY, Defendant - Appellant.
(D.C. Nos. 6:18-CV-01171-JTM & 6:13-CR-10112-JMT-3)
(D. Kan.) ORDER DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY Before PHILLIPS, MURPHY, and McHUGH, Circuit Judges.
This order is not binding precedent except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
Proceeding pro se, Antoine Beasley seeks a Certificate of Appealability (COA) to challenge the district court's denial of his 28 U.S.C. § 2255 habeas petition. He argues that, by not challenging the facial validity of the government's wiretap orders, his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance of counsel. Because such a Fourth Amendment challenge would have been meritless, Beasley has not made a substantial showing of a denial of his Sixth Amendment right to effective assistance of counsel. Accordingly, we deny a COA and dismiss this case.
In view of Beasley's pro se status, we construe his petition liberally. E.g., Requena v. Roberts, 893 F.3d 1195, 1205 (10th Cir. 2018).
BACKGROUND
On April 1, 2014, a federal grand jury seated in the District of Kansas indicted Gerald Beasley (Gerald Beasley), his sons, Antoine Beasley (Beasley) and Gerald Wilson (Wilson), and nine other defendants in a thirty-four count Second Superseding Indictment. The Indictment charged Beasley with the following crimes:
• Possession of a firearm in furtherance of a drug-trafficking crime (Count 12), in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c);
• Possession of a firearm as an unlawful user of a controlled substance (Count 13), in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(3);
• Maintaining a drug-involved premises (Count 14), in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 856;
• Conspiring to distribute and to possess with intent to distribute cocaine, heroin, and marijuana (Counts 15, 17, and 18), in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846;
• Money laundering, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1956 (Counts 26 and 27); and
• Conspiring to commit money laundering (Count 28), in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1956(h).
The Indictment was the product of an extensive investigation by numerous federal agencies, including the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, into the Beasley family's criminal activity. The most productive facet of that investigation involved two wiretaps, one for Gerald Beasley's cell phone (Target Telephone # 1, number 316-409-4289) and one for Beasley's cell phone (Target Telephone # 2, number 316-992-9165). As Beasley admits, the wiretaps produced a "mountain of evidence[.]" R. vol. 1 at 413.
Both Beasleys moved to suppress evidence obtained from the wiretaps, arguing (among other things) that they were issued without probable cause and in contravention of 18 U.S.C. § 2518(1)(c)'s necessity requirement. The court denied the suppression motions.
Section 2518(1)(c) requires that the government include in its wiretap application "a full and complete statement as to whether or not other investigative procedures have been tried and failed or why they reasonably appear to be unlikely to succeed if tried or to be too dangerous[.]"
Having suffered a significant setback, Beasley decided it was best to cut his losses. On July 18, 2017, he filed in the district court a petition to enter a guilty plea. That same day, Beasley signed a plea agreement under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 11(c)(1)(C). In return for the government's promise to dismiss Counts 12, 14, 15, 17, 26, 27, and 28, Beasley agreed to plead guilty to Count 13 (possession of a firearm by an unlawful user of a controlled substance) and Count 18 (conspiracy to distribute and possess with intent to distribute marijuana). As a factual basis for the plea, Beasley admitted that he had been involved "in a scheme with others to possess and to distribute marijuana in the District of Kansas," that he had used his residence as a "stash house," and that he was a "user" of marijuana and had possessed "a D.P.M.S., model A-15, .223-5.56 caliber, semi-automatic lower receiver." R. vol. 1 at 370-71. Beasley's plea agreement contained this waiver provision:
The defendant knowingly and voluntarily waives any right to appeal or collaterally attack any matter in connection with this prosecution, his conviction, or the components of the sentence to be imposed herein, including the length and conditions of supervised release, as well as any sentence imposed upon a revocation of supervised release. . . . The defendant also waives any right to challenge his sentence, or the manner in which it was determined, or otherwise attempt to modify or change his sentence, in any collateral attack, including, but not limited to, a motion brought under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 (except as limited by United States v. Cockerham, 237 F.3d
1179, 1187 (10th Cir. 2001)), or a motion brought under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b).Id. at 376-77. Important here, in an exception following that waiver, the plea agreement states that "[n]otwithstanding the foregoing waivers, the parties understand that the defendant in no way waives any subsequent claims with regards to ineffective assistance of counsel or prosecutorial misconduct." Id. at 377.
On October 12, 2017, the district court accepted Beasley's plea, sentencing him to sixty-three months' imprisonment and three years' supervised release.
Less than a year later, on June 12, 2018, Beasley filed a motion under 28 U.S.C. § 2255, seeking to vacate his conviction. Attempting to invoke the exception to his collateral-attack waiver, Beasley raised an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim. Specifically, he argued that he had been prejudiced by his counsel's alleged ineffective performance in not raising three arguments: (i) that the wiretap orders were facially insufficient because they stated that "interceptions may take place when the target telephone is located in any other jurisdiction within the United States"; (ii) that the orders were facially insufficient under § 2518(4)(b) for not identifying "the nature and location of the communications facilities as to which, or the place where, authority to intercept is granted"; and (iii) that because the orders failed to provide the necessary location information, they were roving wiretaps, meaning they were improperly authorized by a "Deputy Assistant Attorney General." R. vol. 1 at 405-13 (internal quotation marks omitted).
Beasley properly brings his ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim through a collateral challenge rather than through a direct appeal. See, e.g., United States v. Porter, 405 F.3d 1136, 1144 (10th Cir. 2005).
At times, Beasley appears to challenge only the wiretap order for his phone, but at other times, he appears to challenge both wiretap orders. Because both orders contain the challenged provision, and because the district court allowed the defendants to challenge both wiretaps without noting any standing issues, we will refer to both orders throughout our analysis.
A "roving wiretap" allows government agents "to intercept communications to and from any cellular phone number used by the target of an investigation." United States v. Hermanek, 289 F.3d 1076, 1087 (9th Cir. 2002); see also United States v. Shannon, 766 F.3d 346, 349 n.4 (3d Cir. 2014). To obtain a roving wiretap, an applicant must establish that the actions of the person under investigation "could have the effect of thwarting interception from a specified facility." 18 U.S.C. § 2518(11)(b)(ii). A roving wiretap must be authorized by "the Attorney General, the Deputy Attorney General, the Associate Attorney General, an Assistant Attorney General, or an acting Assistant Attorney General[.]" Id. § 2518(11)(b)(i).
The district court dismissed Beasley's § 2255 petition. United States v. Beasley, No. 13-1012-03-JTM, 2020 WL 430217, at *4 (D. Kan. Jan. 28, 2020). Without mentioning or considering the exception to Beasley's collateral-attack waiver, the court concluded that Beasley had presented "no reason it should not be enforced." Id. at *2 (citation omitted). That said, the court noted that, under "the [Plea] Agreement and Cockerham," Beasley could challenge his counsel's alleged ineffective performance in negotiating his plea agreement. Id. But the court ruled that Beasley's ineffective-assistance claims were unrelated to his plea agreement or waiver and "instead [were] wholly tangential to the final plea agreement and waiver[.]" Id.
Despite that ruling, the district court next addressed the merits of Beasley's petition. The court reasoned that, under Dahda v. United States, 138 S. Ct. 1491 (2018), his challenge to the geographical scope of the wiretap orders failed because "the expansive geographic language in the warrant[s] was surplusage[.]" See id. And though the court reasoned that Dahda would have prohibited the government from introducing evidence obtained from a cell phone located outside of Kansas when, at the same time, a listening post had also been outside of Kansas, the record showed that such a situation had never occurred. See id. at *3 ("The record does not indicate that any interception of a cell phone located outside of Kansas occurred through the means of a listening post outside of Kansas."). As for Beasley's related argument that the orders were facially insufficient for failing to "explicitly mandate that the listening post be in Kansas," the court concluded that no authority "create[d] the explicit location requirement defendant claims." Id. Finally, the orders did not create roving wiretaps, the court concluded, because they allowed interceptions for only "particular telephones[.]" Id. at *4.
After rejecting Beasley's arguments, the court denied a COA, reasoning that reasonable jurists could not debate that Beasley's § 2255 petition was procedurally barred and substantively meritless. Id. at *4-5. Beasley now seeks a COA to challenge the district court's dismissal of his § 2255 petition.
DISCUSSION
I. The COA Standard
Beasley must obtain a COA to appeal the district court's dismissal of his § 2255 petition. See 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(B). We will issue a COA only when a § 2255 petitioner makes "a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right." Id. § 2253(c)(2). Here, the district court dismissed Beasley's petition on both procedural and substantive grounds. See United States v. Wicken, 514 F. App'x 721, 723-24 (10th Cir. 2013) (unpublished) (explaining that a court's enforcement of a "plea waiver" is a "procedural" ground for dismissal). Beasley therefore faces a double hurdle: he must show "that jurists of reason would find it debatable whether the district court was correct in its procedural ruling" and "that reasonable jurists would find the district court's assessment of the constitutional claims debatable or wrong." Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000).
II. Procedural Ruling
We review de novo whether a defendant's collateral-challenge waiver is enforceable. See United States v. Ibarra-Coronel, 517 F.3d 1218, 1221 (10th Cir. 2008). In analyzing that issue, we ask three questions: "(1) whether the disputed [claim] falls within the scope of the waiver of appellate rights; (2) whether the defendant knowingly and voluntarily waived his appellate rights; and (3) whether enforcing the waiver would result in a miscarriage of justice." United States v. Viera, 674 F.3d 1214, 1217 (10th Cir. 2012) (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting United States v. Hahn, 359 F.3d 1315, 1325 (10th Cir. 2004) (en banc) (per curiam)). When it comes to the scope prong, this court held in Cockerham "that a plea agreement waiver of postconviction rights does not waive the right to bring a § 2255 petition based on ineffective assistance of counsel claims challenging the validity of the plea or the waiver." 237 F.3d at 1187; see also United States v. Ezeah, 738 F. App'x 591, 594 (10th Cir. 2018) (unpublished) (explaining that "a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel in the negotiation of the plea or waiver" is not waivable under Cockerham (citation omitted)). Unlike for ineffective-assistance claims targeting the validity or negotiation of a plea agreement, Cockerham ruled that "ineffective assistance of counsel claims that are characterized as falling outside that category are waivable." 237 F.3d at 1187.
Here, the district court concluded that Beasley's § 2255 petition was within the scope of the waiver, meaning that the only claims he could bring were Cockerham ineffective-assistance claims. See Beasley, 2020 WL 430217, at *2, *4. The court explained that, per his waiver, Beasley could challenge "the negotiation or entering of the plea agreement or the waiver" but not issues "wholly tangential to the final plea agreement and waiver[.]" Id. at *2 (citation omitted). Beasley's challenge raised the latter, the court reasoned, so it ruled that the waiver barred his § 2255 petition. Id.
We conclude that reasonable jurists could debate that procedural ruling. As discussed, Beasley's collateral-challenge waiver contains an exception: "Notwithstanding the foregoing waivers, the parties understand that the defendant in no way waives any subsequent claims with regards to ineffective assistance of counsel or prosecutorial misconduct." R. vol. 1 at 377. Even though Beasley specifically sought to invoke this exception, the district court failed to mention or analyze it. Beasley, 2020 WL 430217, at *1-2. That was in error—under the exception, Beasley retained the right to raise any ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim, not just Cockerham claims.
Though this court has not weighed in, the Kansas district court has reached differing conclusions about whether this exception preserves claims outside of Cockerham. Compare United States v. Ellis, No. 12-20093-01-KHV, 2017 WL 193158, at *4 (D. Kan. Jan. 18, 2017) (relying on this language to conclude that "the plain language of the plea agreement permits all claims of ineffective assistance of counsel (not only those set forth in Cockerham)"), with United States v. Andrews, No. 07-10221-02, 2011 WL 5921329, at *4 (D. Kan. Nov. 28, 2011) (reasoning that the exception preserved only Cockerham claims because it "pertains to 'subsequent' claims and not those claims which are made 'in connection with this prosecution, the defendant's conviction, or the components of the sentence'"), aff'd on other grounds, 471 F. App'x 824, 827 (10th Cir. 2012) (unpublished). We agree with Ellis's reasoning. Contrary to Andrews's interpretation, the plain language of the exception allows "any subsequent claims," not just Cockerham ineffective-assistance claims. R. vol. 1 at 377 (emphasis added). Moreover, Andrews distorted the exception's scope by relying on earlier language in the waiver to alter its meaning—the exception explicitly states that it takes effect "[n]otwithstanding the foregoing waivers[.]" Id. And even if the exception were ambiguous, we must construe it against the government. See Hahn, 359 F.3d at 1325.
Reasonable jurists could debate whether Beasley's current arguments fall within the scope of his collateral-challenge waiver; therefore, Beasley has satisfied his burden of showing that the district court's procedural ruling is debatable. Yet to receive a COA, Beasley must also make "a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right." 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2).
III. Sixth Amendment Right to Effective Counsel
A. Deficient Performance and Prejudice
The Sixth Amendment guarantees that "[i]n all criminal prosecutions," a defendant will "have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence." U.S. Const. amend VI. Recognizing that such a guarantee rings hollow when a defendant's counsel stages an objectively inadequate defense, the Court has reasoned that "the right to counsel is the right to the effective assistance of counsel." McMann v. Richardson, 397 U.S. 759, 771 n.14 (1970) (emphasis added) (citations omitted). "A claim of ineffective assistance of counsel presents a mixed question of law and fact which we review de novo." Hickman v. Spears, 160 F.3d 1269, 1273 (10th Cir. 1998) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Brewer v. Reynolds, 51 F.3d 1519, 1523 (10th Cir. 1995)); see also United States v. Holloway, 939 F.3d 1088, 1097 (10th Cir. 2019).
To show that counsel was constitutionally ineffective, a habeas petitioner must satisfy two elements. First, the petitioner must show that his or her counsel's performance did not meet "an objective standard of reasonableness." Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 688 (1984). Second, the petitioner must demonstrate "that the deficient performance prejudiced the defense." Id. at 687. When, as here, "defense counsel's failure to litigate a Fourth Amendment claim competently is the principal allegation of ineffectiveness, the defendant must also prove that his Fourth Amendment claim is meritorious[.]" Kimmelman v. Morrison, 477 U.S. 365, 375 (1986). In other words, a habeas petitioner cannot claim that prejudice resulted from his or her counsel's failure to raise a Fourth Amendment challenge if that challenge is groundless. See id. at 382 (explaining that "a meritorious Fourth Amendment issue is necessary to the success of a Sixth Amendment" habeas petition invoking Strickland).
When a state or federal prisoner has had "an opportunity for full and fair litigation of a Fourth Amendment claim," collateral review of the Fourth Amendment issue is generally unavailable. Stone v. Powell, 428 U.S. 465, 494-95 (1976); United States v. Cook, 997 F.2d 1312, 1317 (10th Cir. 1993) (extending the Stone bar to § 2255 petitioners). But "[t]he restrictions on federal habeas review of Fourth Amendment claims announced in [Stone] do not extend to Sixth Amendment claims of ineffective assistance of counsel where the principal error of counsel was incompetent representation with respect to a Fourth Amendment issue." United States v. Owens, 882 F.2d 1493, 1498 n.5 (10th Cir. 1989) (citing Kimmelman, 477 U.S. at 375). We apply this exception here.
That brings us to the key question: are Beasley's Fourth Amendment challenges meritorious? We conclude that they are not.
B. Beasley's Arguments
First, Beasley argues that, under Dahda, the wiretap orders were facially insufficient. In Dahda, the Court explained that "the contents of any wire or oral communication" that a wiretap intercepts—and the fruits derived therefrom—must be suppressed if "the order of . . . approval under which it was intercepted is insufficient on its face[.]" 138 S. Ct. at 1494 (omission in original) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 2518(10)(a)(ii)). An order is insufficient on its face when it fails to include certain statutorily required information. Id. at 1498. For instance, because § 2518(4)(e) requires that a wiretap order identify "the period of time during which [the] interception is authorized," an order that does not provide a time period is facially insufficient. See id. at 1495 (internal quotation marks omitted).
Section 2518(4) requires that a wiretap order contain the following information:
(a) the identity of the person, if known, whose communications are to be intercepted; (b) the nature and location of the communications facilities as to which, or the place where, authority to intercept is granted; (c) a particular description of the type of communication sought to be intercepted, and a statement of the particular offense to which it relates; (d) the identity of the agency authorized to intercept the communications, and of the person authorizing the application; and (e) the period of time during which such interception is authorized, including a statement as to whether or not the interception shall automatically terminate when the described communication has been first obtained.
The issue in Dahda was whether a wiretap order that contained all the required information was otherwise facially insufficient for purporting to authorize interceptions beyond the court's territorial jurisdiction. Id. at 1494, 1496-97. The Court first explained that "an order can permit the interception of communications 'within the territorial jurisdiction of the court in which the judge is sitting.'" Id. at 1495 (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 2518(3)). Second, the parties did not dispute, and the Court appeared to agree, "that an intercept takes place either where the tapped telephone is located or where the Government's 'listening post' is located." Id. (citing § 2510(4)). The problem in Dahda was that the orders allowed interception when neither the phone nor the listening post was within the court's territorial jurisdiction:
It is further Ordered that, in the event TARGET TELEPHONE # 1, TARGET TELEPHONE # 3 and TARGET TELEPHONE # 4, are transported outside the territorial jurisdiction of the court, interception may take place in any other jurisdiction within the United States.Id. (alteration and emphasis removed).
Even though this jurisdictional issue created a defect in the orders, the Court concluded that the defect did not render them facially insufficient. Id. at 1498-99. Because the orders were otherwise valid and included the required information, the challenged sentence was simply "surplus" and entirely "without legal effect"—the district court had no power in the first place to "legally authorize a wiretap outside [its] 'territorial jurisdiction.'" Id. at 1499. Moreover, the Court reasoned that "the statute itself presumptively limits every Order's scope to the issuing court's territorial jurisdiction." Id.
Here, the language that Beasley challenges is nearly identical to the language in Dahda:
IT IS ORDERED FURTHER that in the event that the target facility is transferred outside the territorial jurisdiction of this court, interceptions may take place when the TARGET TELEPHONE is located in any other jurisdiction within the United States.R. vol. 1 at 468. Like in Dahda, this language is "surplus"—it purports to allow interceptions when neither the target phone nor the government's listening post is within the court's territorial jurisdiction. But, contrary to Beasley's argument, the Dahda Court concluded that such a defect does not render an entire order facially invalid. Accordingly, Beasley's first argument is meritless.
Significantly, the district court here explicitly noted that "[t]he record does not indicate that any interception of a cell phone located outside of Kansas occurred through the means of a listening post outside of Kansas." Beasley, 2020 WL 430217, at *3. Beasley does not challenge that finding. So we fail to see how Beasley suffered any prejudice. See Dahda, 138 S. Ct. at 1494 (reasoning that the Dahdas had suffered "no significant adverse effect" when "none of the communications unlawfully intercepted outside the judge's territorial jurisdiction were introduced at trial").
By another route, Beasley's second argument also tries to establish that the orders were facially insufficient. Under 18 U.S.C. § 2518(4)(b), an order must contain "the nature and location of the communications facilities as to which, or the place where, authority to intercept is granted[.]" Beasley admits "that the order[s] identified the target cell phone[s]," R. vol. 1 at 408, and he does not dispute the district court's finding that the orders are "directed at cellular telephone numbers assigned to a Kansas area code (316) with a listed Kansas address (in the City of Andover)," Beasley, 2020 WL 430217, at *3. But according to Beasley, this cell phone-location information is immaterial—a cell phone cannot count as a communications facility. He reasons that "the location of the listening post" is instead required because "interceptions do not take place at the location of the cell phone." R. vol. 1 at 405, 409.
The statute does not define the term "communications facilities." United States v. Scurry, 821 F.3d 1, 14 (D.C. Cir. 2016).
Beasley is wrong on both counts: cell phones are communication facilities and intercepts do occur at the location of the cell phone. See, e.g., United States v. Dahda, 853 F.3d 1101, 1112 (10th Cir. 2017) ("Thus, an 'interception' under Title III occurs both where the tapped telephones are located and where law enforcement officers put their listening post."), aff'd on other grounds, 138 S. Ct. 1491; United States v. Scurry, 821 F.3d 1, 14 (D.C. Cir. 2016) (concluding that "Congress intended the word 'facilities' in sub-sections 2518(1)(b)(ii) and (4)(b) to encompass cell phones themselves"); United States v. Hermanek, 289 F.3d 1076, 1086 n.3 (9th Cir. 2002) ("A cellular phone number is a 'communications facility.'"); United States v. Ramirez, 112 F.3d 849, 852 (7th Cir. 1997) ("An interception takes place both where the phone is located . . . and where the scanner used to make the interception is located." (citations omitted)). Here, Beasley admits that "the order addressed the nature of the cell phone when it identified the [IMSI] [international mobile subscriber identity number] and cell phone number in the order." R. vol. 1 at 409. The district court also explained that the wiretap orders listed a Kansas area code and address. Beasley, 2020 WL 430217, at *3. This information was all that was needed. See, e.g., United States v. Oliva, 705 F.3d 390, 396 n.4 (9th Cir. 2012) ("Although the 'nature and location' of a cellular phone cannot be described in the same way as that of a land line phone, a cellular phone is itself a 'facilit[y]' that can be sufficiently identified by such features as its telephone number, electronic serial number (ESN) or international mobile subscriber identity number (IMSI)." (alteration in original) (citation omitted)); United States v. Goodwin, 141 F.3d 394, 403 (2d Cir. 1997) ("The government's affidavits in support of its application clearly identified the facilities to be tapped by their telephone numbers and by their electronic serial numbers. The requirements of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2518(1)(b)(ii) and 2518(4)(b) were therefore satisfied . . . .").
Citing United States v. Harpel, 493 F.2d 346, 351 (10th Cir. 1974), Beasley argues that "interceptions do not take place at any telephone." R. vol. 1 at 456. In Harpel, a jury convicted Harpel after he unlawfully intercepted a telephone conversation between law-enforcement officers. 493 F.2d at 348. The trial evidence showed that "[t]here were numerous telephone extensions in the offices at both ends of the conversation[.]" Id. at 348. Harpel argued that he had not intercepted any wire communication, because "there can be no interception when a telephone extension is used[.]" Id. at 350; see also 18 U.S.C. § 2510(5)(a). We agreed, explaining that if a defendant acquired a communication by using "a telephone employed by the subscriber or user in the ordinary course of its business," no interception would occur. Harpel, 493 F.2d at 351. But because Harpel had likely intercepted the conversation "by attaching a suction cup to a telephone receiver," not by using a telephone in the ordinary course of business, he could not benefit from that exception. Id. at 348, 351-52. Contrary to Beasley's argument, Harpel does not define where an interception occurs—it merely establishes that an interception does not occur if a defendant acquires a communication using a telephone in the ordinary course of business. Id. at 351.
Finally, Beasley argues that the government "actually obtained a roving wiretap." R. vol. 1 at 412. To support that argument, he builds on his theory that "cell phones do not have fixed locations" and, therefore, cannot count as "facilities." Id. at 410. And because the orders identified cell phones and not listening posts, Beasley contends that the orders cannot qualify as ordinary wiretaps—instead, they are roving wiretaps. See 18 U.S.C. § 2518(11) (allowing the government to obtain a roving wiretap without identifying "the facilities from which, or the place where, the communication is to be intercepted").
But we have already concluded that, by identifying the cell phones' numbers, IMSIs, Kansas area codes, and Kansas address, the wiretap orders included the facility- location information needed for an ordinary wiretap. That conclusion undercuts Beasley's argument that the wiretaps are necessarily roving wiretaps simply because they give the location for cell phones, not the listening posts. E.g. Goodwin, 141 F.3d at 403 (rejecting as "plainly incorrect" the reasoning "that because one may rove about with a cellular telephone interception of a cellular telephone is necessarily a 'roving wiretap'"); see also Scurry, 821 F.3d at 14. Like Beasley's other arguments, we conclude that this argument is meritless.
Beasley also argues that the wiretap orders' substance shows that they are roving wiretaps. First, he argues that the orders permitted interceptions "if the phone is off the hook or not in use[.]" R. vol. 1 at 411. Second, he points out that the orders allowed interception at "any changed telephone number or any other telephone subsequently assigned to or used by the instrument bearing the same ESN or IMSI as the target telephone." Id. Neither of these characteristics convert a wiretap into a roving wiretap. See, e.g., United States v. Gordon, 871 F.3d 35, 43-44 (1st Cir. 2017) ("We can think of no good reason why Title III's particularity requirement should be read as limiting a wiretap to a specific telephone number rather than a specific ESN or IMEI number reasonably believed to be used by the target."); id. (noting that the "off-the-hook" language "is standard fare in wiretap applications and its inclusion does not make the wiretap orders impermissibly broad" (citation omitted)); Oliva, 705 F.3d at 399 ("The 'off the hook' language, however, lacks meaning when applied to cellular phones.").
CONCLUSION
We conclude that reasonable jurists could debate the district court's conclusion that Beasley's ineffective-assistance claim fell within the scope of his collateral-attack waiver. Even so, reasonable jurists could not debate whether he received constitutionally ineffective assistance of counsel—Beasley's Fourth Amendment arguments are meritless. Accordingly, we deny a COA and dismiss this case.
Entered for the Court
Gregory A. Phillips
Circuit Judge