Summary
applying Stone to claim regarding lineup identification alleged to have been the fruit of a Fourth Amendment violation
Summary of this case from Reeves v. WintersOpinion
No. 78-2018.
Submitted December 7, 1979.
Decided January 8, 1980. Opinion January 21, 1980.
This appeal was originally decided by unreported order on January 8, 1980. See Circuit Rule 35. The court has subsequently decided to issue the decision as an opinion.
James Moore, pro se.
Michael B. Weinstein, Asst. Atty. Gen., Chicago, Ill., for respondent-appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois.
Before SWYGERT, CUMMINGS and PELL, Circuit Judges.
James Moore appeals from denial by the district court of his writ of habeas. He alleges that a rape victim's identification of him as her assailant should have been suppressed, since it was initially based on a photograph obtained by the police during an allegedly illegal stop and arrest. The legality of the stop was fully litigated in the Illinois courts. People v. Moore, 55 Ill.App.3d 706, 13 Ill.Dec. 499, 371 N.E.2d 194 (3d Dist. 1977). The district court therefore held that Stone v. Powell, 428 U.S. 465, 96 S.Ct. 3037, 49 L.Ed.2d 1067 (1976), bars this petition. We agree.
After preliminary examination of the briefs, the court notified the parties that it had tentatively concluded that oral argument would not be helpful to the court in this case. The notice provided that any party might file a "Statement as to Need for Oral Argument." See Rule 34(a), Fed.R.App.P. (effective Aug. 1, 1979); Circuit Rule 14(f). No such statement having been filed, the appeal has been submitted on the briefs and record.
The relevant facts, briefly told, are that there was an armed robbery in Lockport, Illinois on August 26, 1975. The victim described the robber's car, and on September 8 or 12 the police stopped a car matching that description and driven by Moore. Moore was not arrested, but went to the police station to be photographed. Subsequently, on September 18, a woman was raped, and the next day she identified Moore as her assailant from the photograph taken of him on September 8 or 12. He alleges that there was insufficient cause for the stop, and that therefore the photo identification and subsequent in court identification must be suppressed. The Illinois appellate court rejected this argument, on the grounds that there were adequate grounds for the stop.
Stone v. Powell established that
where the State has provided an opportunity for full and fair litigation of a Fourth Amendment claim, a state prisoner may not be granted federal habeas corpus relief on the ground that evidence obtained in an unconstitutional search or seizure was introduced at his trial.
428 U.S. at 494, 96 S.Ct. at 3052. Stone v. Powell, on its facts, applies to evidence obtained during an illegal arrest. Cf. United States ex rel. Placek v. Illinois, 546 F.2d 1298, 1300 (7th Cir. 1976). Moreover, Stone v. Powell applies with equal force to physical evidence and lineup identification. Swicegood v. Alabama, 577 F.2d 1322, 1325 (5th Cir. 1978). There is no basis for treating photo identification differently.
Even if Stone v. Powell did not apply, and if there were not sufficient cause for the stop, the exclusionary rule would not apply due to the attenuated connection between the stop and the identification. See Nardone v. United States, 308 U.S. 338, 341 (1939). Cf. United States ex rel. Owens v. Twomey, 508 F.2d 858, 866 (7th Cir. 1974). The stop was made in the course of an investigation wholly unrelated to the rape. Indeed, the photograph was taken before the rape occurred. Application of the exclusionary rule in such circumstances could not have such a deterrent effect as the Supreme Court has recently required. United States v. Ceccolini, 435 U.S. 268, 280, 98 S.Ct. 1054, 55 L.Ed.2d 268 (1978).
Even where a photo obtained during an illegal stop is used in the same investigation, it is not clear that subsequent in court identification must be suppressed. Compare Baker v. Maryland, 39 Md. App. 133, 383 A.2d 698 (Md. Special Appeals, 1978) (denying suppression); with Crews v. United States, 389 A.2d 277 (D.C.App. 1978) (granting suppression), cert. granted, 440 U.S. 907, 59 L.Ed.2d 454 (1979).
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court dismissing Moore's petition is affirmed.