Opinion
846 CA 20-00627
12-23-2021
Bernard A. UNGER, Plaintiff-Appellant-Respondent, v. Michael GANCI, Defendant-Respondent-Appellant. (Appeal No. 2.)
LAW OFFICE OF GARY R. EBERSOLE, GRAND ISLAND (STEPHEN C. HALPERN OF COUNSEL), FOR PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT-RESPONDENT. GROSS SHUMAN, P.C., BUFFALO (B. KEVIN BURKE, JR., OF COUNSEL), FOR DEFENDANT-RESPONDENT-APPELLANT.
LAW OFFICE OF GARY R. EBERSOLE, GRAND ISLAND (STEPHEN C. HALPERN OF COUNSEL), FOR PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT-RESPONDENT.
GROSS SHUMAN, P.C., BUFFALO (B. KEVIN BURKE, JR., OF COUNSEL), FOR DEFENDANT-RESPONDENT-APPELLANT.
PRESENT: WHALEN, P.J., SMITH, CARNI, CURRAN, AND DEJOSEPH, JJ.
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
It is hereby ORDERED that the judgment so appealed from is unanimously modified on the law by dismissing the first, second and third counterclaims and as modified the judgment is affirmed without costs.
Memorandum: In October 2010, plaintiff sold his Buffalo-area financial services company to defendant pursuant to a sale contract. The contract required defendant to make 20 quarterly installment payments totaling $500,000 in exchange for plaintiff's book of business. The contract also contained a non-compete clause, the validity of which is not in dispute on this appeal, which provided that plaintiff "agree[d] to not compete with [defendant] nor [would] he solicit business or services from [defendant's] clients nor their immediate families," that plaintiff was "forbid[den from] acting as a consultant, representative agent or advisor to any existing client of [plaintiff's former business]," and that plaintiff would not "contact any client without prior written consent from [defendant]."
Although plaintiff moved from the Buffalo area soon after the sale, he eventually returned and again began working as a financial advisor around mid-2012, soliciting prospective clients in the community through seminars, newsletters, and mailings. Although the exact time frame is unclear, prior to July 2013, plaintiff had begun managing the accounts of six people who had previously been clients of his former business and who had accounts under defendant's management.
Up until that point in time, defendant had made 11 quarterly payments pursuant to the sale contract. According to plaintiff's testimony at the nonjury trial on liability in this case, defendant's next payment was due at the latest by July 15, 2013. Defendant, however, made no further payments. In the months that followed, plaintiff began directly contacting his former clients that had accounts under defendant's management. Plaintiff thereafter commenced this action asserting, inter alia, a cause of action for breach of contract based on defendant's failure to continue making the quarterly payments. In response, defendant, inter alia, asserted counterclaims for breach of contract and rescission based on plaintiff's violation of the non-compete clause.
In appeal No. 1, plaintiff appeals from an order of Supreme Court that determined, after the nonjury trial on liability, that defendant was entitled to judgment on his counterclaims for breach of contract and rescission. In appeal No. 2, plaintiff appeals and defendant cross-appeals from a judgment of the same court that, inter alia, granted defendant judgment on his counterclaims for breach of contract and rescission, determined that defendant failed to establish damages on those claims, and dismissed each of plaintiff's causes of action. As an initial matter, appeal No. 1 must be dismissed inasmuch as the order at issue therein is subsumed in the final judgment (see Wiedenhaupt v. Hogan , 89 A.D.3d 1525, 1526, 932 N.Y.S.2d 751 [4th Dept. 2011] ; see also Knapp v. Finger Lakes NY, Inc. , 184 A.D.3d 335, 337, 125 N.Y.S.3d 824 [4th Dept. 2020], lv dismissed 36 N.Y.3d 963, 137 N.Y.S.3d 293, 161 N.E.3d 481 [2021] ).
In appeal No. 2, contrary to plaintiff's contention, we conclude that the court properly dismissed his cause of action for breach of contract. Following a nonjury trial, this Court's authority is as broad as that of the trial court. Nonetheless, "the decision of the fact-finding court should not be disturbed upon appeal unless it is obvious that the court's conclusions could not be reached under any fair interpretation of the evidence" ( Thoreson v. Penthouse Intl. , 80 N.Y.2d 490, 495, 591 N.Y.S.2d 978, 606 N.E.2d 1369 [1992], rearg denied 81 N.Y.2d 835, 595 N.Y.S.2d 397, 611 N.E.2d 298 [1993] [internal quotation marks omitted]; see Howard v. Pooler , 184 A.D.3d 1160, 1163, 126 N.Y.S.3d 824 [4th Dept. 2020] ). The elements of a breach of contract cause of action are " ‘the existence of a contract, the plaintiff's performance under the contract, the defendant's breach of that contract, and resulting damages’ " ( Niagara Foods, Inc. v. Ferguson Elec. Serv. Co., Inc. , 111 A.D.3d 1374, 1376, 975 N.Y.S.2d 280 [4th Dept. 2013], lv denied 22 N.Y.3d 864, 2014 WL 1243559 [2014] ). It is undisputed that, by July 2013, plaintiff had begun managing the accounts of six former clients that had been, until his return to the area, under defendant's management. Based on that conduct and applying the above standard of review, we conclude that plaintiff breached the terms of the non-compete clause in the sale contract. That conduct occurred prior to the date that, according to plaintiff, defendant's next quarterly payment became due. Furthermore, under the circumstances of this case, we conclude that plaintiff's breach of the sale contract was material, that it ended defendant's obligation to continue performing under the contract (see Sarantopoulos v. E-Z Cash ATM, Inc. , 35 A.D.3d 708, 709-710, 826 N.Y.S.2d 688 [2d Dept. 2006] ; cf. Wolfson v. Faraci Lange, LLP , 103 A.D.3d 1272, 1273, 959 N.Y.S.2d 792 [4th Dept. 2013] ), and that it was fatal to plaintiff's ability to establish his own performance under the contract (see generally Niagara Foods, Inc. , 111 A.D.3d at 1376, 975 N.Y.S.2d 280 ).
We agree with plaintiff, however, that the court erred in granting judgment in favor of defendant on his counterclaim for rescission. A claim for rescission, as opposed to a claim for breach of contract, seeks to " ‘restore the parties to status quo,’ " as if the parties had never entered into the contract ( Lenel Sys. Intl., Inc. v. Smith , 106 A.D.3d 1536, 1537-1538, 966 N.Y.S.2d 618 [4th Dept. 2013] ; see WILJEFF, LLC v. United Realty Mgt. Corp. , 82 A.D.3d 1616, 1617, 920 N.Y.S.2d 495 [4th Dept. 2011] ). Rescission sounds in equity (see generally Willoughby Rehabilitation & Health Care Ctr., LLC v. Webster , 134 A.D.3d 811, 813-814, 22 N.Y.S.3d 81 [2d Dept. 2015] ), and is appropriate only where, among other things, the status quo can be " ‘substantially restored’ " ( Singh v. Carrington , 18 A.D.3d 855, 857, 796 N.Y.S.2d 668 [2d Dept. 2005], quoting Rudman v. Cowles Communications, Inc. , 30 N.Y.2d 1, 13, 330 N.Y.S.2d 33, 280 N.E.2d 867 [1972] ; see Nelson v. Rosenkranz , 166 A.D.3d 558, 558, 89 N.Y.S.3d 185 [1st Dept. 2018] ; Sokolow, Dunaud, Mercadier & Carreras v. Lacher , 299 A.D.2d 64, 71, 747 N.Y.S.2d 441 [1st Dept. 2002] ). In this case, rescission is unavailable because the status quo cannot be substantially restored. Here, "the assimilation of plaintiff's company [into defendant's business is] complete," and events have rendered the status quo practically impossible to recreate ( Rudman , 30 N.Y.2d at 14, 330 N.Y.S.2d 33, 280 N.E.2d 867 ; see Sokolow , 299 A.D.2d at 71, 747 N.Y.S.2d 441 ). We therefore modify the judgment by dismissing the first counterclaim.
We likewise agree with plaintiff that the court erred in granting judgment to defendant on his two counterclaims for breach of contract. Damages are an element of a claim for breach of contract (see Niagara Foods, Inc. , 111 A.D.3d at 1376, 975 N.Y.S.2d 280 ) and, here, defendant's counterclaims for breach of contract should have been dismissed upon the court's determination that defendant failed to establish damages (see Ahmed v. Carrington Mtge. Servs., LLC , 189 A.D.3d 960, 961-963, 133 N.Y.S.3d 889 [2d Dept. 2020] ; Viacom Outdoor, Inc. v. Wixon Jewelers, Inc. , 82 A.D.3d 604, 604, 919 N.Y.S.2d 151 [1st Dept. 2011] ; Rakylar v. Washington Mut. Bank , 51 A.D.3d 995, 995-996, 858 N.Y.S.2d 759 [2d Dept. 2008] ). We therefore further modify the judgment by dismissing the second and third counterclaims.
Finally, although defendant contends on his cross appeal that he is entitled to nominal damages (see generally Kronos, Inc. v. AVX Corp. , 81 N.Y.2d 90, 95, 595 N.Y.S.2d 931, 612 N.E.2d 289 [1993] ), that contention is not properly before us because it is raised for the first time on his cross appeal (see Ciesinski v. Town of Aurora , 202 A.D.2d 984, 985, 609 N.Y.S.2d 745 [4th Dept. 1994] ; see generally Sultan v. Payson , 259 A.D.2d 610, 611, 686 N.Y.S.2d 804 [2d Dept. 1999] ).