Summary
noting purpose of confidentiality protections in family code to encourage reporting of suspected child abuse
Summary of this case from Doe v. Tarrant CtyOpinion
No. 03-94-00061-CV.
February 8, 1995. Rehearing Overruled March 15, 1995.
Appeal from 353rd Judicial District Court, Travis County, John K. Dietz, J.
Dan Morales, Atty. Gen., Michelle E. Dains [Signed Appellants' Brief], Asst. Atty. Gen., Tort Litigation Div., Austin, TX, for appellants.
Philip Durst [Signed Appellee's Brief], Wiseman, Durst Tuddenham, Austin, TX, for appellee.
Before CARROLL, C.J., and POWERS and B.A. SMITH, JJ.
This appeal asks us to determine whether the Texas Family Code assures confidentiality to those who report suspected child abuse, notwithstanding the right of the accused to review all records of the investigation. We must also decide whether the Texas Tort Claims Act waives a state agency's immunity for damages when a complainant is injured because his identity is disclosed in writing to the suspects under investigation. Finally we address the state's immunity for attorney's fees under the Texas Declaratory Judgment Act.
BACKGROUND
In April 1990 Reverend Ned Benson contacted the Texas Department of Human Services (the "Department") to report allegations that two members of his congregation were physically and emotionally abusing their five-year-old twin boys. Benson made the report only after requesting and receiving assurances that his identity would not be disclosed to the family. In September 1990 the Department released to the accused information that identified Benson as the complainant. After learning of Benson's role in reporting the allegations of abuse against them, the parents filed a one million dollar libel suit against the church and Benson. Several weeks later, Benson was asked to resign. The libel suit was later dismissed, but it took more than a year to resolve the ecclesiastical charges.
Effective September 1, 1992, the duties of the Texas Department of Human Services were transferred to a newly created agency, the Texas Department of Protective and Regulatory Services. Tex.Rev.Civ.Stat.Ann. art. 4413(503) (West Supp. 1995). The new agency was added as a party, and the declaratory relief granted runs against it by and through its Commissioner in her official capacity.
The children's biological father and their stepmother were accused of child abuse. The stepmother and her family were prominent members of Benson's congregation. The boys' biological mother was not a member of the congregation and was not named in the allegations of abuse.
In April 1992 Benson filed this lawsuit against the Department, seeking damages under the Tort Claims Act and declaratory relief requiring the Department to guard the confidentiality of persons who report child abuse. See Tex.Civ.Prac. Rem. Code Ann. §§ 37.004, 101.021 (West 1986). Benson alleged that the Department's negligence caused his termination and damaged his reputation; he claimed additional damages for medical expenses to combat depression and for legal expenses to him and the church. Although the Department notes that many complaints against Benson contributed to his termination — lack of pastoral care, financial misfeasance, and declining membership rolls — in August 1993 a jury found that the Department's negligence was a proximate cause of injury to Benson and awarded damages of $611,000. The trial court reduced this award to $250,000, the maximum recovery allowed under the Tort Claims Act. See id. § 101.023. The trial court also rendered a declaratory judgment holding that the Department violated confidentiality provisions of the Texas Family Code when it revealed Benson's identity; it ordered the Department not to divulge such information in the future without a court order.
The Department appeals, bringing twenty-four points of error. We will affirm the declaratory judgment but reverse the damages award, compelled by recent supreme court authority to hold that Benson has not stated a cause of action under the Tort Claims Act. Benson brings a cross-point complaining of the trial court's failure to award attorney's fees for the declaratory relief granted. Because the supreme court has ruled that the Declaratory Judgment Act waives governmental immunity for attorney's fees, we will remand this issue for the trial court's consideration.
TORT CLAIMS
To clarify our discussion of the issues, we begin by reviewing the details of Rev. Benson's experience with the Department. Benson had received confidential communications from members of his congregation that the father and stepmother were mistreating the children but were accusing the mother of the abuse. Unable to persuade these other individuals to report their suspicions, Benson called the Department himself in April 1990. Before making his report, Benson asked Elaine Jones, a Department caseworker, if his call would be confidential: "Now I mean specifically, you're telling me that there is no way that the people that I call in to talk about or anyone in their family will ever find out that I called or anything that I say in the course of this phone call." Jones assured him that his call was confidential and then entered notes of their hour-long conversation in the Department's file.
There appeared reason for concern: the young boys suffered severe post-divorce emotional trauma after their father's remarriage, and one was admitted to a psychiatric hospital.
The suspects of the investigation requested a copy of the Department's file. In September 1990, just minutes before the stepmother was to pick up the file, Jones advised members of the Department's legal office that she had promised confidentiality to Benson. Attorneys in that office determined that they had no legal basis for withholding Benson's identity, so the file was released without redacting his name.
Under the doctrine of governmental immunity, the state and its agencies are not liable for the negligence of employees unless the state consents to be sued through a constitutional or statutory provision for liability. Lowe v. Texas Tech Univ., 540 S.W.2d 297, 298 (Tex. 1976). To waive governmental immunity, the legislature must use clear and unambiguous language. Duhart v. State, 610 S.W.2d 740, 742 (Tex. 1980). In 1969 the legislature enacted the Texas Tort Claims Act to waive governmental immunity in limited circumstances. See Tex.Civ.Prac. Rem. Code Ann. Ch. 101 (West 1986 Supp. 1995). Section 101.021 of the Act provides that the state may be sued and held liable for:
(1) property damage, personal injury, and death proximately caused by the wrongful act or omission or the negligence of an employee acting within the scope of his employment if:
(A) the property damage, personal injury, or death arise from the operation or use of motor-driven equipment; and
(B) the employee would be personally liable to the claimant according to Texas law; and
(2) personal injury and death so caused by a condition or use of tangible personal property if the governmental unit would, were it a private person, be liable to the claimant according to Texas law.
Id. § 101.021 (emphasis added). The jury was instructed that it could find the Department negligent only if it found that the negligence involved the condition or use of tangible personal property. On appeal, the Department argues that it is immune from liability because the alleged negligent acts did not involve the use of tangible personal property. Benson counters that the written report is tangible personal property and that it was the unedited "condition" of this written report that caused him harm.
Much judicial ink has been penned in attempts to discern when the negligence of a governmental unit sufficiently involves tangible personal property to waive governmental immunity. See, e.g., Texas Dep't of Mental Health and Mental Retardation v. Petty, 848 S.W.2d 680 (Tex. 1992); Robinson v. Central Tex. MHMR Center, 780 S.W.2d 169 (Tex. 1989); Salcedo v. El Paso Hosp. Dist., 659 S.W.2d 30 (Tex. 1983); Eakle v. Texas Dep't of Human Servs., 815 S.W.2d 869 (Tex.App. — Austin 1991, writ denied); Wilkins v. State, 716 S.W.2d 96 (Tex.App. — Waco 1986, writ ref' n.r.e.); Christilles v. Southwest Tex. State Univ., 639 S.W.2d 38 (Tex.App. — Austin 1982, writ ref'd n.r.e.). We need not sort through that historical line of cases because a recent pronouncement of the supreme court governs Benson's cause of action. In University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston v. York, 871 S.W.2d 175, 179 (Tex. 1994), the court held that while paper can be touched, information recorded on paper is not tangible personal property. In that medical malpractice cause of action, the court ruled that failure to record information and failure to rely on information recorded in a medical file does not constitute a use of tangible personal property that waives governmental immunity:
While the paper on which doctors and nurses may record information about a patient's condition is tangible in that paper can be seen and touched, information itself is an abstract concept, lacking corporeal, physical or palpable qualities. Information thus, is intangible; the fact that information is recorded in writing does not render the information tangible property.
Id. at 178-79 (emphasis added). Benson urges us to limit York to its medical malpractice context. He insists that he was harmed by the unedited "condition" of the notes, which were released without redacting his name. Any attempt to distinguish Benson's case from York on this basis ignores a key similarity: The information contained in the notes harmed Benson, not a physical condition of the written report itself. As the dissent in York observes and protests, "[I]t is not the tangible physical file that counts, but the mental informational content, which [the court] concludes is not 'tangible.'" Id. at 180.
Rev. Benson has been poorly treated by Department employees who negligently promised confidentiality and then ignored those promises in disclosing his identity to suspects under investigation. The jury decided that he should be compensated for injuries caused by the Department's negligence. The state, however, is liable only if its governmental immunity has been waived. York holds that "the Legislature has not, by clear and unambiguous language, eliminated governmental immunity for injuries resulting from the misuse of information, even if that information is recorded in writing." Id. at 179. However unfairly Benson was treated, his cause of action in tort involves the misuse of information recorded in writing, and we reluctantly hold that it is precluded by York. We sustain the Department's points of error regarding the Tort Claims Act.
DECLARATORY JUDGMENT
In response to Rev. Benson's request for declaratory relief, the trial court found that the Department violated the confidentiality provisions of the Family Code when it divulged Benson's name to the family suspected of abuse. The court declared that neither the Open Records Act nor any other section of the Family Code authorizes or requires the Department to identify an individual who on his own initiative makes a report of child abuse under chapter 34:
The Court further DECLARES that § 34.08 of the Texas Family Code requires that any person who on his own initiative makes a report made compulsory by chapter 34 of the Texas Family Code to TDHS, or its successor agency TDPRS, is entitled to have his report, name and/or identifying characteristics withheld from disclosure to the parents, the child, their authorized representative, and/or the general public, except as otherwise ordered by a court of competent jurisdiction. Any rule or internal policy of TDHS and/or TDPRS requiring contrary action is declared invalid.
The trial court declined to award attorney's fees, based on the asserted defense of governmental immunity. See Texas Dep't of Human Servs. v. Methodist Retirement Servs., 763 S.W.2d 613, 614-15 (Tex.App. — Austin 1989, no writ).
On appeal, the Department asserts that the trial court erred in granting this declaratory relief because the Department did not violate section 34.08 of the Family Code. Benson brings a cross-point complaining of the trial court's refusal to award attorney's fees.
The Department also asserts for the first time in a post-submission letter brief that the trial court did not have jurisdiction to render a declaratory judgment. The Department appears to argue that Benson appended his request for declaratory judgment to his tort claim merely as an "avenue to attorney's fees." See Weaver v. AIDS Servs. of Austin, 835 S.W.2d 798, 803 (Tex.App. — Austin 1992, writ denied). As in Weaver, we disagree with that characterization in this case: Benson had an interest in and his petition sought prospective relief from the Department's disclosure of his name in connection with this case or others with which he would become involved. As we discuss in detail below, Benson's position as a clergyman makes him likely to learn of child abuse, which he is obligated by law to report. "[W]hen a question presented is one of public interest and of recurrent character, jurisdiction is not lost because a threatened act has become an accomplished fact." Woodruff v. City of Laredo, 686 S.W.2d 692, 694 (Tex.App. — San Antonio 1985, writ ref'd n.r.e.).
We begin by setting forth sections 34.08 and 34.051 of the Family Code in order to read the two sections together:
34.08 Confidentiality
(a) Except as provided in Subsections (b) and (c) of this section, the reports, records, and working papers used or developed in an investigation made under this chapter are confidential and may be disclosed only for purposes consistent with the purposes of this code under regulations adopted by the investigating agency.
34.051 Information Relating to Investigation Procedure
As soon as possible after initiating an investigation under this subchapter of a parent or other person having legal custody of a child, the Texas Department of Human Services shall provide to the person a brief and easily understood summary of:
(1) the department's procedures for conducting an investigation of alleged child abuse or neglect, including:
(A) a description of the circumstances under which the department would seek to remove the child from the home through the judicial system; and
(B) an explanation that the law requires the department to refer all reports of alleged child abuse or neglect to a law enforcement agency for a separate determination of whether a criminal violation occurred;
(2) the person's right to file a complaint with the department or to request a review of the findings made by the department in the investigation;
(3) the person's right to review all records of the investigation unless the review would jeopardize an ongoing criminal investigation;
(4) the person's right to seek legal counsel;
(5) references to the statutory and regulatory provisions governing child abuse and neglect and how the person may obtain copies of those provisions; and
(6) the process the person may use to acquire access to the child if the child is removed from the home.
Tex.Fam. Code Ann. §§ 34.08, .051 (West Supp. 1995) (emphasis added).
Essentially the Department argues that it is unable to guarantee confidentiality to those who report child abuse because it is compelled to allow persons suspected of abuse to review all records of the investigation "unless the review would jeopardize an ongoing criminal investigation." The Department believes that this mandate for disclosure trumps the confidentiality afforded in section 34.08.
Specifically, the Department groups those who discuss allegations of abuse into two categories: (1) complainants, who initially report abuse and are generally afforded confidentiality, and (2) collateral sources, those individuals contacted by the Department to substantiate allegations of abuse, whose information is generally not confidential. Additionally, the Department has adopted an unwritten policy that only the first person who reports abuse can be a complainant. In this instance, because Benson was not the first to report these allegations of abuse, he was classified as a collateral source whose identity could not be kept confidential. It is undisputed that Benson initiated the report and that the Department never advised him that his report would not be kept confidential. The Department callously asserts that under its "one complainant" policy, the caseworker's promise of confidentiality could be ignored because it was not authorized.
The Department also relies on its even more enigmatic policy of never granting confidentiality to "professionals" who report child abuse. It is this policy that most disturbs the chorus of professionals who raise their voices as amicus curiae in support of the declaratory relief granted below. They argue that denying confidentiality to professionals discourages the reporting of abuse by those most likely to observe the mistreatment of children: teachers, counselors, physicians and clergy. The Presbyterian Church raises the additional concern that exposing clergy to retaliation for following their civil duties poses a profound threat to religious freedom.
Janie Medina, a legal assistant for the Department, testified that she did not know under what authority the Department had decided to release the names of professionals who reported abuse. She testified that as a "courtesy" the name of a professional might be deleted, but said there were no guidelines governing when to disclose or protect a professional's identity. Later, J.B. Reynolds, Associate Commissioner for Legal Services of the Department, told the court that the Department developed this policy in response to various opinions and letter advisories from the Attorney General construing the Open Records Act.
Amicus briefs were received from the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.), Texas Organization of Rural and Community Hospitals, Texas Classroom Teachers Association, Texas Counseling Association, Association of Texas Professional Educators, Texas Medical Association and Texas Osteopathic Medical Association.
The Department's interpretation of the Family Code's provisions governing confidentiality and disclosure is entitled to deference unless it contradicts the plain meaning of the statute. See, e.g., Tarrant Appraisal Dist. v. Moore, 845 S.W.2d 820, 823 (Tex. 1993). Here, the Department's refusal to protect the confidentiality of professionals and collateral sources who are not the first to report abuse contravenes the mandate of Family Code section 34.08 that reports be held confidential and "be disclosed only for purposes consistent with the purpose of this code under regulations adopted by the investigating agency." Tex.Fam. Code Ann. § 34.08(a) (emphasis added). The two policies regarding professional and collateral complainants were never adopted as regulations. Indeed, the policies even contradict other agency regulations: (1) 40 Texas Administrative Code § 700.103 provides that a child protective services client may review all information in the client's case record except the identity of the complainant; and (2) 40 Texas Administrative Code s 700.107 directs staff to protect the identity of persons who have made reports of abuse by deleting their names, references to their relationship to the child and family, and locating information about them before releasing Department reports to individuals named in Family Code section 34.08. 40 Tex.Admin. Code §§ 700.103, .107 (1994). More generally, 40 Texas Administrative Code § 700.102 specifies that information about a child protective services client is confidential and may not be released except as authorized by state or federal regulation, court direction, attorney general's opinion, or the Texas Department of Protective and Regulatory Services' rules concerning disclosure of information.
Furthermore, the Department's interpretation of its duty to disclose the identity of professional and collateral complainants ignores the confidentiality statutorily guaranteed to those who report child abuse and neglect. The Family Code directs the Department to promulgate and distribute a confidential form to be used in reporting child abuse: "The form shall include a statement that the child abuse reports are confidential and that information contained in the reports, including the name of the person making the report, may be used only for the purposes consistent with the investigation of child abuse." Tex.Fam. Code Ann. § 34.011 (West Supp. 1995). The duty to report child abuse is sweeping and makes no exceptions for clergy, physicians, mental health professionals or teachers: "A person having cause to believe that a child's physical or mental health or welfare has been or may be adversely affected by abuse or neglect by any person shall report [the suspected abuse]." Id. § 34.01 (emphasis added). Failure to report suspected abuse is a Class B misdemeanor. Id. § 34.07. Indeed, teachers, nurses, doctors, day-care employees and other professionals who learn of suspected abuse must make a report within forty-eight hours. Id. § 34.02(d). "Anonymous reports, while not encouraged, will be received and acted on." Id. The Code affords immunity from civil or criminal liability to those who report abuse in good faith. Id. § 34.03.
We hold that the trial court properly declared that confidentiality is central to the Family Code provisions governing the reporting of child abuse. Those provisions reflect a legislative determination that granting immunity and confidentiality to complainants will encourage the reporting of child abuse. The trial court's declaratory relief promotes this legislative goal. The Department must protect all individuals who report child abuse, without distinction between professionals and nonprofessionals and without limitation to who calls first. Rev. Benson's experience reveals how retaliation may devastate the life of a concerned citizen who fulfills his statutory duty to report suspected child abuse, absent the protection of confidentiality. This particular case also illustrates the serious infringement of religious liberty that may flow from disclosing the identity of clergy who are required to report child abuse. Furthermore, the trial court's judgment effectively harmonizes the two sections of the Family Code by granting the accused a right to review all records so long as the confidentiality of the complainant is preserved; those who legitimately require information about a complainant may obtain it through a court order. The legislative goal of encouraging the reporting of child abuse is better reflected in the trial court's balancing of the rights of the accused and the rights of those required to report abuse than in the Department's policy of disclosing the identity of all professional and collateral complainants. We overrule the Department's points of error regarding the trial court's declaratory relief.
Because Rev. Benson does not challenge the right of the state to compel his cooperation, we do not address the right of the state to compel ministers or other professionals to report child abuse discovered through confidential communications. The only privileged communications recognized by the Family Code provisions governing child abuse are confidential communications between attorney and client. Tex.Fam. Code Ann. § 34.04 (West 1986).
ATTORNEY'S FEES
The trial court relied on this court's holding in Texas Department of Human Services v. Methodist Retirement Services, 763 S.W.2d 613 (Tex.App. — Austin 1989, no writ), to hold that the Department was immune from liability for attorney's fees under the Declaratory Judgment Act. See also Tex.Civ.Prac. Rem. Code Ann. § 37.009 (authorizing the award of reasonable and necessary attorney's fees). In Texas Education Agency v. Leeper, 893 S.W.2d 432, 446 (Tex. 1994) (motion for rehearing pending), the supreme court overruled this decision: "We conclude that by authorizing declaratory judgment actions to construe the legislative enactments of governmental entities and authorizing awards of attorney fees, the DJA necessarily waives governmental immunity for such awards." We therefore reverse this aspect of the judgment and remand this portion of the cause for the trial court to reconsider the request for attorney's fees in light of this new authority.
CONCLUSION
Relying on York, we conclude that the negligence found by the jury did not involve the use or condition of tangible personal property sufficient to waive the Department's immunity for Rev. Benson's tort claims. We therefore reverse the award of damages and render judgment that Benson take nothing. Based on the recent authority of Leeper, we reverse the trial court's ruling that the Department is immune from liability for attorney's fees and remand the issue of attorney's fees under the Declaratory Judgment Act for the trial court's consideration. The remainder of the judgment is affirmed.