Turner v. Kouwenhoven

Full title: JOHN TURNER, Respondent, v . WILLIAM W. KOUWENHOVEN, Appellant

Court: Court of Appeals of the State of New York

Date published: Oct 6, 1885

100 N.Y. 115 (N.Y. 1885)

2 N.E. 637

Opinion

Argued June 19, 1885

Decided October 6, 1885

John Reynolds for appellant. William J. Gaynor for respondent.

MILLER, J.

This action was brought by the plaintiff, who was a farm servant, to recover, under a contract for one year with the defendant, for farm work, and carrying produce to market at the stipulated price agreed upon of $20 per month, and in addition $1 per load for carrying and marketing such produce. There was no dispute as to the contract, but there was a controversy as to the number of loads; this, however, was arranged in submitting the case to the jury, it being admitted that the number of loads should be as stated by the defendant. It was also agreed that $10 had been advanced upon wages during the year, and it was conceded that there remained unpaid to the plaintiff $230 for the monthly wages, and $201 for two hundred and one loads, amounting in all to $431.

The principal question litigated upon the trial was whether the plaintiff had retained and converted any of the moneys received by him from the sale of the farm produce to his own use, and thus defrauded the defendant. Evidence was introduced tending to show that the plaintiff had appropriated and embezzled some of the moneys received by him, belonging to his master, to his own use, and it was claimed that the contract was an entire one, and full performance of the same was a condition precedent to the recovery of any part of the servant's wages.

The counsel for the defendant made various requests to the court to charge the jury, in substance, to the effect that if the plaintiff, during his term of service, kept back or retained, without defendant's consent, any part of the proceeds of the sales, he could not recover any amount whatever. The court did charge that it was an implied part of plaintiff's contract of service that he should fully pay over all proceeds collected by him upon sales of defendant's farm produce, but refused to charge as requested, and did charge that, even if plaintiff had retained and failed to pay over part of such proceeds, he was, nevertheless, entitled to recover his stipulated wages under the contract, less such sums as he had retained, or, in other words, less such damage as defendant had sustained by plaintiff's failure to perform fully. The ruling of the court presents the distinct question whether a failure by the servant to account for the proceeds of sale made by him, and to pay over the same, was such a breach of the contract as prevented a recovery by the plaintiff of any amount to which he was entitled by the terms of the contract.

We are referred by the appellant's counsel to numerous reported cases to sustain the position that a single breach of the contract of service is of itself sufficient to prevent a recovery. None of them, however, go to the extent of holding that a mere failure to account for moneys, received while engaged in service, of itself prevents a recovery, where the servant has fully completed his term of service. It is undoubtedly the law that where a party fails to perform the full term required, unless prevented by the act of God, or by some sufficient legal excuse, no recovery can be had upon the contract, but that rule cannot be invoked, under ordinary circumstances, where there has been only a simple failure in reference to some particular portion of the contract. There must be something more than a mere breach of a slight character during the continuance of the time of service, where the contract has been substantially performed, as to time and its most material parts, to prevent a recovery by a party of any sum provided for by the contract. Ordinarily the damages sustained by a failure to perform some of the conditions of the contract may properly be allowed against the full amount claimed, but, unless the failure is substantial, material, and strikes at the very essence of the contract, or it appears that the parties intended that any such violation should render the contract of no effect, it cannot defeat a recovery.

The rule is well settled in this State that if the master, for good and sufficient cause, discharge the servant before the expiration of the term of service; or if the servant, without good cause, quit service before the end of the term, he can recover nothing for the part of the term past, nor for the future. But where the servant has served his full term this rule has no application and has never been upheld by the decisions of the courts. Cases may, no doubt, arise where the dishonesty of the servant is of such a character as would justify the conclusion that his contract had been violated in a most material and substantial part and to an extent which would bar any recovery whatever, but the act in such cases, to bar a recovery, must be misconduct and unfaithfulness which substantially violates the contract of service. ( Brown v. Craft, 6 C. P. 16, 17, note a; Libhart v. Wood, 1 Watts Serg. 265.) Flagrant acts of dishonesty or crime which seriously affect the master's interest, continued during the service, might well be regarded as a bar to the recovery of wages, although the amount received and fraudulently appropriated might be far less than the amount fixed by the contract. But no such case was presented here by the requests to charge. None of the requests embrace the case of embezzlement or criminal appropriation of the moneys of defendant. They include a mere failure to pay over moneys received belonging to the defendant, which failure may not have been criminal and may have been caused by a mistake, misapprehension or neglect. They were not sufficiently broad to include criminal conduct on the part of the plaintiff, and this point is not distinctly presented.

The facts lead to the conclusion that the judge upon the trial committed no error in his charge or refusal to charge in reference to the questions which have been considered. Independent, however, of the reasons already given in support of the decisions of the trial court, it appears from the record before us that the jury rendered a verdict for the plaintiff for the full amount conceded to be due to him. This was a direct finding that the plaintiff had not embezzled any of the moneys belonging to the defendant which were received by him, and hence it follows that the questions of law presented are really not in the case. If the plaintiff did not embezzle or dishonestly appropriate any of the moneys of the defendant, as the jury found, the requests to charge, which were refused, as well as the charge made to which exceptions were taken, were of no sort of importance and had no bearing upon the issue presented.

Some stress is laid by the appellant's counsel upon the fact that the jury allowed no interest upon the amount of the plaintiff's claim, and it is argued that they may have regarded some of the evidence introduced as proof that the plaintiff had retained moneys of the defendant, and allowed the same as an offset against such interest. There is no foundation for such a claim. There is nothing in the case which shows that any point was made in regard to interest or any instructions given as to the same, and it would be going very far thus to speculate upon the supposed intention of the jury.

There was no error in the charge of the judge that plaintiff was entitled to recover unless defendant satisfied the jury that there had been a withholding by plaintiff. After the plaintiff had proved his claim under the contract the burden of proof was clearly upon the defendant to prove the counter-claim set up in his answer. The presumption is that the servant has performed his duty, and that a servant in the habit of daily or weekly accounting for moneys received for his master, has paid over the money received. (1 Cooley's Blackst. 428.)

We have examined the other questions raised on the trial and discover no ruling which furnishes any ground for a reversal of the judgment.

The judgment should be affirmed.

All concur.

Judgment affirmed.