Indeed, there are no facts alleged at all. Moreover, affidavits must be signed under penalty of perjury, but this one is not. See 28 U.S.C. § 1746; Tumlinson Group, Inc. v. Johannessen, 2010 WL 5287520 at *3 (E.D. Cal. Dec.17, 2010). Vann's failure to submit an affidavit is therefore sufficient justification to deny his motion for recusal under § 144. Azhocar, 581 F.2d at 738. Section 455 sets forth no procedural requirements. That section is directed to the judge, rather than the parties, and is self-enforcing on the part of the judge.