Opinion
Civil Case No. 10–629(RJL).
2011-08-23
Joseph TULL, Plaintiff, v. OFFICE OF THE ARCHITECT OF THE CAPITOL, Stephen Ayers, the Architect of the Capitol, in his personal capacity, Rebecca Tiscione, a retired employee of the Architect of the Capitol, in her personal capacity, Evelyn Goodwin, an employee of the Architect of the Capitol, in her personal capacity, Tonda Cave, an employee of the Architect of the Capitol, in her personal capacity, Edgard Martinez, an employee of the Architect of the Capitol, in his personal capacity, and William Miller, an employee of the Architect of the Capitol, in his personal capacity, Defendants.
Jeffrey Howard Leib, Washington, DC, for Plaintiff. Fred Elmore Haynes, U.S. Attorney's Office, Washington, DC, for Defendants.
Jeffrey Howard Leib, Washington, DC, for Plaintiff. Fred Elmore Haynes, U.S. Attorney's Office, Washington, DC, for Defendants.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
RICHARD J. LEON, District Judge.
Plaintiff Joseph Tull (“plaintiff”) brought an action against defendant Office of the Architect of the Capitol (“AOC”) alleging the following violations of the Congressional Accountability Act (“CAA”): (1) the AOC subjected plaintiff to unlawful retaliation when it refused to promote plaintiff to an assistant supervisor position, in violation of the CAA; (2) the AOC subjected plaintiff to unlawful retaliation when it refused to compensate him for his performance as an assistant supervisor, in violation of the CAA; and (3) the AOC subjected plaintiff to a hostile work environment, in violation of the CAA. Additionally, plaintiff alleges that Stephen Ayers, Rebecca Tiscione, Evelyn Goodwin, Tonda Cave, Edgard Martinez, and William Miller (“defendants”), sued in their personal capacities, violated plaintiff's substantive and procedural rights under the Fifth Amendment. The defendants have moved to dismiss those defendants being sued in their personal capacities. After careful consideration of the law and pleadings, defendants' Motion to Dismiss each individual defendant is GRANTED.
BACKGROUND
Plaintiff was an employee of the High Voltage Division of the AOC at the time the events giving rise to the instant action occurred. Compl. ¶¶ 8–9. Corey Howell, another employee of the High Voltage Division, filed an administrative complaint under the CAA with the AOC. Id. ¶¶ 18–19. Mr. Howell deposed plaintiff during the course of Mr. Howell's administrative case. Id. ¶¶ 20, 25. Plaintiff's deposition was a protected activity under the CAA and thus subject to the confidentiality guarantee of the CAA and certain Procedural Rules of the AOC's Office of Compliance. Id. ¶¶ 21–22, 25.
Subsequent to plaintiff's deposition in the Howell matter, he learned that defendant AOC had brought disciplinary charges against his second-level supervisor, Rick Crupi (“Supervisor Crupi” or “Crupi”). Id. ¶¶ 23–24, 26. The charges against Supervisor Crupi were based in part on plaintiff's confidential and sworn testimony in the Howell matter. Id. ¶ 23. Plaintiff was advised that he was to testify at the disciplinary hearing. Id. ¶ 27.
In preparation for his disciplinary hearing, Supervisor Crupi met with plaintiff and questioned him about the damaging testimony that he expected the plaintiff to provide at the disciplinary hearing. Id. ¶ 29. Plaintiff alleges that Supervisor Crupi attempted to get him to testify that he had never heard Supervisor Crupi use discriminatory language based on race in the workplace—a statement that would have been contrary to plaintiff's testimony in the Howell matter. Id. ¶ 30. Unbeknownst to plaintiff, Supervisor Crupi had already been provided the confidential testimony given by plaintiff in the Howell matter. Id. ¶ 32. Subsequent to his meeting with Supervisor Crupi, plaintiff learned that Edgard Martinez, Assistant General Counsel of the AOC, had provided Mr. Crupi access to plaintiff's confidential testimony. Id. ¶ 33.
At the time the events giving rise to the instant action occurred, plaintiff, an Emergency Power Technician, alleges he was required to act, and did act, on a regular and recurring basis as an Assistant Supervisor of the Diesel Shop within the High Voltage Division of AOC. Id. ¶¶ 39–40. Although the AOC was required to compensate plaintiff for performing this role, it did not do so. Id. ¶¶ 41–42. Further, in early January 2009, plaintiff and Supervisor Crupi both attended a meeting in which it was determined that plaintiff would be promoted to the Assistant Supervisor position. Id. ¶¶ 44–45. However, that promotion never occurred. Id. ¶ 46.
As a result, plaintiff filed this lawsuit on April 22, 2010, seeking damages against his employer, AOC, for retaliatory employment practices and actions in violation of the CAA, and against certain defendants, in their personal capacities, for violating his rights under the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution. See Docket Entry 1; Compl. ¶¶ 50, 55, 60, 66. On September 29, 2010, defendants filed a Motion to Dismiss those defendants being sued in their personal capacities. See Docket Entry 8.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
A court may dismiss a complaint, or any portion of it, for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6). A court considering a motion to dismiss, however, may only consider “the facts alleged in the complaint, any documents either attached to or incorporated in the complaint and matters of which [the court] may take judicial notice.” E.E.O.C. v. St. Francis Xavier Parochial Sch., 117 F.3d 621, 624 (D.C.Cir.1997). To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must “plead [ ] factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 1949, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009). In evaluating a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the court construes the complaint “in favor of the plaintiff, who must be granted the benefit of all inferences that can be derived from the facts alleged.” Schuler v. United States, 617 F.2d 605, 608 (D.C.Cir.1979) (internal quotation marks omitted). However, factual allegations, even though assumed to be true, must still “be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007). Moreover, the court “need not accept inferences drawn by plaintiff[ ] if such inferences are unsupported by the facts set out in the complaint. Nor must the court accept legal conclusions cast in the form of factual allegations.” Kowal v. MCI Commc'ns Corp., 16 F.3d 1271, 1276 (D.C.Cir.1994).
LEGAL ANALYSIS
I. Failure to Satisfy Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8
Plaintiff has failed to plead enough facts to state a facially plausible claim against defendants—with the exception of Assistant General Counsel Martinez. To sufficiently state a claim upon which relief can be granted, a “complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’ ” Iqbal, 129 S.Ct. at 1949 (quoting Twombly, 127 S.Ct. at 1974). A complaint is plausible on its face “when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 129 S.Ct. at 1949. Rule 8 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure “demands more than an unadorned, the defendant-unlawfully-harmed me accusation. A pleading that offers ‘labels and conclusions' or ‘a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.’ Nor does a complaint suffice if it tenders ‘naked assertion[s]’ devoid of ‘further factual enhancement.’ ” Id. (internal citations omitted).
Here, plaintiff sufficiently alleges that Assistant General Counsel Martinez released his deposition testimony to Supervisor Crupi's attorney in violation of the confidentiality provision of the CAA,
which in turn, violated plaintiff's Fifth Amendment right. However, with respect to the other defendants sued in their personal capacities, plaintiff merely alleges in a conclusory manner that they violated his constitutional right. Compl. ¶¶ 66–68. Indeed, plaintiff fails to allege any improper action on their parts, or for that matter, any knowledge of Assistant General Counsel Martinez's alleged improper actions. He simply alleges that the other defendants were part of the process that led to Supervisor Crupi's suspension, without claiming that any of their actions specifically were improper.
The confidentiality provision of the CAA states that, absent certain exceptions that do not apply in this case, all proceedings and deliberations of hearing officers and the Board, including any related records, shall be confidential. See 2 U.S.C. § 1416(c).
Thus, the allegations against Assistant General Counsel Martinez are the only allegations from which the Court may draw a reasonable inference that defendant may be liable for the alleged violation of Plaintiff's Fifth Amendment right. Therefore, the Motion to Dismiss Stephen Ayers, Rebecca Tiscione, Evelyn Goodwin, Tonda Cave, and William Miller as to Count IV must be GRANTED based on the plaintiff's failure to comply with Rule 8 alone. II Violation of Plaintiff's Fifth Amendment Right
Specifically, as to Stephen Ayers (Acting Architect of the AOC), Rebecca Tiscione (former Director of the former Human Resources Management Division of the AOC), and Evelyn Goodwin (Chief of the Employee Relations Branch of the former Human Resources Management Division of the AOC), the complaint alleges that they “engaged in, reviewed, and approved” Supervisor Crupi's suspension proposal and the suspension that were part of an internal disciplinary process “based in whole or in part on the unconstitutional and unlawful use” of Plaintiff's confidential deposition testimony. Compl. ¶¶ 10, 12, 13. As to Tonda Cave (a Human Resources Specialist), the complaint alleges she “prepared, was engaged in, reviewed, and approved” the suspension proposal that was part of an internal disciplinary process “based in whole or in part on the unconstitutional and unlawful use” of Plaintiff's confidential deposition testimony. Id. ¶ 14. Finally, as to William Miller (a Supervisory Electrical Engineer), the complaint alleges he was “engaged in, reviewed, approved and proposed the suspension” that was part of an internal disciplinary process “based in whole or in part on the unconstitutional and unlawful use” of Plaintiff's confidential deposition testimony. Id. ¶ 16.
In his complaint, plaintiff also alleges that defendants violated his Fifth Amendment right to property by “unconstitutionally depriv[ing] Plaintiff of his unambiguous entitlement to confidentiality under the Congressional Accountability Act.” Compl. ¶ 68. This contention, unfortunately, is a red herring. To date, the only property rights that have been judicially recognized as protected by the Constitution are welfare benefits and employment, for example, for tenured professors. See Goldberg v. Kelly, 397 U.S. 254, 90 S.Ct. 1011, 25 L.Ed.2d 287 (1970); Perry v. Sindermann, 408 U.S. 593, 92 S.Ct. 2694, 33 L.Ed.2d 570 (1972); Bd. of Regents of State Colls. v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 92 S.Ct. 2701, 33 L.Ed.2d 548 (1972). Indeed, plaintiff has failed to cite any binding authority recognizing “confidentiality” as a property right.
Moreover, the Supreme Court has been reluctant to recognize new property interests, particularly when the interest does not have “some ascertainable monetary value” under the entitlement, such as financial payments under Medicaid. Town of Castle Rock, Colo. v. Gonzales, 545 U.S. 748, 766–67, 125 S.Ct. 2796, 162 L.Ed.2d 658 (2005) (holding that an individual entitlement to enforcement of a restraining order “does not have some ascertainable monetary value, as even our Roth-type property-as-entitlement cases have implicitly required” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). Thus, there is no legally viable argument here that plaintiff's statutory right to confidentiality was protected by the Fifth Amendment as a property interest. However, construing plaintiff's complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, the Court does find that plaintiff's allegation would more appropriately be styled as an argument that defendants violated his constitutional right to privacy.
Plaintiff analogizes his claim to an alleged property interest in employment addressed by the D.C. District Court in Vanover v. Hantman, 77 F.Supp.2d 91 (D.D.C.1999), which found in dicta that a former AOC employee had a constitutionality protected property right in his continued employment. The employment interest in Vanover is unrelated to the confidentiality interest in the instant action. Plaintiff provides no caselaw supporting his allegation that the confidentiality guaranteed by the CAA is a constitutionally protected right.
Citing to Vanover, plaintiff contends in his response brief that Defendants violated his due process interest in employment. See Pl.'s Opp'n to Def.'s Mot. to Dismiss (“Pl.'s Opp'n”), p. 20. However, as to all of the personally-sued defendants, Plaintiff's complaint fails to allege facts that, if true, state a plausible claim that Defendants violated any property interest in employment. See Iqbal, 129 S.Ct. at 1940–41. Plaintiff's allegations strictly relate to the breach of confidentiality caused by the release of his deposition testimony, not to the loss of any employment interest. Compl. ¶ 68 (“[Defendants] unconstitutionally deprive[d] Plaintiff of his unambiguous entitlement to confidentiality under the [CAA].”)
Defendants also have construed plaintiff's argument as one contending that defendants violated plaintiff's substantive due process rights, specifically, his right to privacy. See Defendant's Mot. to Dismiss, p. 9–11.
Unfortunately for the plaintiff, however, our Circuit Court has not recognized a general right to privacy. At most, the court has addressed the right to privacy in the context of the disclosure of personal information. But even in that context, our Circuit Court has expressed “grave doubts as to the existence of a constitutional right of privacy in the nondisclosure of personal information.” Am. Fed'n of Gov't Emps. v. Dep't of Hous. & Urban Dev., 118 F.3d 786, 791 (D.C.Cir.1997). That skepticism stems not only from the “apparent hesitance” of the Supreme Court to recognize explicitly such a right, but also from the fact that those circuits that have recognized this right did so based in reliance on Supreme Court dicta. Id. at 791–93.
As such, it is highly unlikely that such a right to privacy would be recognized by our Circuit Court in this case. Indeed, in American Federation of Government Employees, the private information at issue related to the employee's finances, drug use, mental health, and expunged criminal history—matters quite personal to the employees. Id. at 788. Here, the confidential testimony that was released was not information personal to the plaintiff but testimony he gave characterizing his supervisor's conduct. As such, this Court sees no likelihood whatsoever that our Circuit Court would conclude that the plaintiff has a constitutional privacy interest in such information. Therefore, defendants' Motion to Dismiss Count IV is GRANTED as to each individual defendant.
Plaintiff contends for the first time in his response brief in a conclusory fashion that “Defendants sued in their personal capacities denied Plaintiff procedural due process, notice and opportunity to be heard respecting the serial disclosure and dissemination of his ... deposition testimony.” Pl.'s Opp'n at 22. Nowhere in the complaint does plaintiff allege that defendants failed to provide notice and an opportunity to be heard, nor any facts to support this contention. See Iqbal, 129 S.Ct. at 1940. Therefore, we will not address this argument.
Finally, even if there was a right to privacy for such confidential information—which this Court finds there is not—plaintiff's complaint as to the defendants named in their personal capacity should be dismissed. An action for damages brought against federal officials in their individual capacity pursuant to the U.S. Constitution is commonly referred to as a Bivens claim. See Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Fed. Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388, 397, 91 S.Ct. 1999, 29 L.Ed.2d 619 (1971) (holding plaintiff may sue federal agents for money damages for violation of his constitutional rights). However, in the Supreme Court “in most instances” has found the Bivens remedy to be “unjustified.” Wilkie v. Robbins, 551 U.S. 537, 550, 127 S.Ct. 2588, 168 L.Ed.2d 389 (2007). Indeed, in its more recent “decisions [, it has] responded cautiously to suggestions that Bivens be extended into new contexts.” Schweiker v. Chilicky, 487 U.S. 412, 421, 108 S.Ct. 2460, 101 L.Ed.2d 370 (1988). There are two instances, however, where it is clearly not appropriate to award money damages in a Bivens claim. Bivens, 403 U.S. at 396, 91 S.Ct. 1999. First, when there are “special factors” counseling against creating a Bivens remedy, and second, where there is a congressional declaration prohibiting recovery of monetary damages or remitting recovery to another equally effective remedy. Id. In a motion to dismiss, the defendant bears the burden to prove the existence of either of these two instances. See Carlson v. Green, 446 U.S. 14, 18–19, 100 S.Ct. 1468, 64 L.Ed.2d 15 (1980). Here, defendants have done so by relying on the “special factor” of a comprehensive procedural and remedial scheme: the CAA.
Our Circuit Court previously has held other comprehensive procedural and remedial schemes to constitute a “special factor” precluding Bivens remedies. See Wilson v. Libby, 535 F.3d 697 (D.C.Cir.2008) (holding the Privacy Act to constitute a “special factor” precluding a Bivens remedy); Spagnola v. Mathis, 859 F.2d 223 (D.C.Cir.1988) (en banc) (recognizing the Civil Service Reform Act as a “special factor” precluding a Bivens remedy).
Plaintiff contends defendants unconstitutionally violated the confidentiality provision of the CAA, 2 U.S.C. § 1416. Compl. ¶ 4. The CAA, however, provides a specific remedy for injury caused by a breach of the confidentiality provision of the CAA by its incorporation of the retaliation concept from Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
See 2 U.S.C. § 1317. Indeed, our Circuit Court has held repeatedly that Title VII is a comprehensive remedial scheme that precludes a Bivens remedy. See Ethnic Emps. of the Library of Congress v. Boorstin, 751 F.2d 1405, 1414–16 (D.C.Cir.1985) (“[T]his circuit has repeatedly held that federal employees may not bring suit under the Constitution for employment discrimination that is actionable under Title VII.”). Consequently, plaintiff's claim is barred due to a “special factor”—specifically, the applicability of the CAA, as an adequate, comprehensive procedural and remedial scheme.
The CAA incorporates several provisions of Title VII, including the remedies provided by Title VII. See 2 U.S.C. §§ 1311, 1317; Adams v. U.S. Capitol Police Bd., 564 F.Supp.2d 37, 40 (D.D.C.2008). Under Title VII, it is unlawful for an employer “to discriminate against any of [its] employees ... because [an employee] has made a charge ... or participated in any manner in an investigation” of discrimination. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e–3(a).
Because a Bivens remedy is barred, I will refrain from addressing defendants' qualified immunity argument. See Def.'s Mot. to Dismiss, p. 11.
CONCLUSION
Thus, for all of the foregoing reasons, Defendant's Motion to Dismiss, ECF No. 8, is GRANTED. An appropriate Order will accompany this memorandum opinion.
ORDER
For the reasons set forth in the Memorandum Opinion entered this date, it is this 23rd day of August, 2011, hereby
ORDERED that the defendants' Motion to Dismiss [# 8] is GRANTED; it is further
ORDERED that the above-captioned case is DISMISSED with prejudice.
SO ORDERED.