Opinion
Civil Case No. 06-12297.
June 1, 2006
ORDER OF PARTIAL DISMISSAL WITHOUT PREJUDICE
Plaintiff filed a complaint in this Court on May 19, 2006. The complaint contains ten counts. Counts I and II allege violations of the Truth in Lending Act ("TILA"), 15 U.S.C. § 1638; Counts III and V allege violations under Michigan's Consumer Protection Act, M.C.L. § 445.903; Counts IV and VIII allege violations of Michigan's Motor Vehicle Installment Sales Contract Act, M.C.L. § 566.302 et seq.; Count VI alleges misrepresentation; Count VII alleges unauthorized charges under Michigan's Motor Vehicle Sales Finance Act, M.C.L. § 492.131; and Counts IX and X allege violations of the Fair Credit Reporting Act ("FCRA"), 15 U.S.C. § 1681 et seq. Accordingly, Counts I, II, IX, and X allege claims under federal law, whereas Counts III, IV, V, VI, VII, and VIII allege claims cognizable under state law.
Plaintiff states that jurisdiction is based on federal question jurisdiction, in accordance with 28 U.S.C. § 1331. Although the Court may, under 28 U.S.C. § 1367, exercise supplemental jurisdiction over state law claims ancillary to the relief sought, for the reasons set forth below, the Court declines to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over Plaintiff's state law claims. Under the standard enunciated in United Mine Workers v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. 715 (1966) and codified in 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c), this Court has broad discretion to exercise its supplemental jurisdiction. Even where "the [C]ourt arguably ha[s] supplemental jurisdiction over the state law claims pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a), the [C]ourt has discretion to decline to exercise its supplemental jurisdiction." Cirasuola v. Westrin, No. 96-1360, 1997 WL 472176, at *1 (6th Cir. Apr. 18, 1997), aff'g, 915 F. Supp. 909 (E.D. Mich. 1996) (Gadola, J.).
As the Supreme Court of the United States recently held in City of Chicago v. International College of Surgeons:
[T]o say that the terms of § 1367(a) authorize the district courts to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over state law claims . . . does not mean that the jurisdiction must be exercised in all cases. Our decisions have established that pendent jurisdiction "is a doctrine of discretion, not of plaintiff's right," [ Gibbs, 383 U.S. at 726], and that district courts can decline to exercise jurisdiction over pendent claims for a number of valid reasons, [ id. at 726-27]. See also [Carnegie-Mellon Univ. v.] Cohill, 484 U.S. 343, 350 (1988) ("As articulated by Gibbs, the doctrine of pendent jurisdiction thus is a doctrine of flexibility, designed to allow courts to deal with cases involving pendent claims in the manner that most sensibly accommodates a range of concerns and values"). Accordingly, we have indicated that "district courts [should] deal with cases involving pendent claims in the manner that best serves the principles of economy, convenience, fairness, and comity which underlie the pendent jurisdiction doctrine." Id. at 357.
The supplemental jurisdiction statute codifies these principles. After establishing that supplemental jurisdiction encompasses "other claims" in the same case or controversy as a claim within the district courts' original jurisdiction, § 1367(a), the statute confirms the discretionary nature of supplemental jurisdiction. . . .
Depending on a host of factors, then — including the circumstances of the particular case, the nature of the state law claims, the character of the governing state law, and the relationship between the state and federal claims — district courts may decline to exercise jurisdiction over supplemental state law claims. The statute thereby reflects the understanding that, when deciding whether to exercise supplemental jurisdiction, "a federal court should consider and weigh in each case, and at every stage of the litigation, the values of judicial economy, convenience, fairness, and comity." Cohill, [ 484 U.S. at 350].522 U.S. 156, 172-73 (1997). See also San Pedro Hotel Co. v. City of Los Angeles, 159 F.3d 470, 478-79 (9th Cir. 1998); Rodriguez v. Doral Mortgage Corp., 57 F.3d 1168, 1177 (1st Cir. 1995); Borough of West Mifflin v. Lancaster, 45 F.3d 780, 788 (3d Cir. 1995); Diven v. Amalgamated Transit Union Int'l Local 689, 38 F.3d 598, 601 (D.C. Cir. 1994); Brazinski v. Amoco Petrol. Additives Co., 6 F.3d 1176, 1182 (7th Cir. 1993). But cf. Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc., 140 F.3d 442, 447-48 (2d Cir. 1998).
In exercising its discretion, therefore, this Court must look to considerations of judicial economy, convenience, fairness, and comity, and also avoid needless decisions of state law. See Int'l Coll. of Surgeons, 522 U.S. at 173; Cohill, 484 U.S. at 350; Gibbs, 383 U.S. at 726; see also Wright, Miller Cooper, Federal Practice Procedure, Jurisdiction 2d § 3567.1. Litigation in the federal courts involving both federal law claims and supplemental state law claims has caused procedural and substantive problems. Even if the federal and state claims in this action arise out of the same factual situation, litigating these claims together may not serve judicial economy or trial convenience. Federal and state law each have a different focus, and the two bodies of law have evolved at different times and in different legislative and judicial systems. Because of this, in almost every case with supplemental state claims, the courts and counsel are unduly preoccupied with substantive and procedural problems in reconciling the two bodies of law and providing a fair and meaningful proceeding.
The attempt to reconcile these two distinct bodies of law often dominates and prolongs pre-trial practice, complicates the trial, lengthens the jury instructions, confuses the jury, results in inconsistent verdicts, and causes post-trial problems with respect to judgment interest and attorney fees. Consequently, in many cases the apparent judicial economy and convenience of the parties' interest in the entertainment of supplemental state claims may be offset by the problems they create.
Such is the case here. Plaintiff's state law claims would substantially expand the scope of this case beyond that necessary and relevant to the federal claims under the TILA and FCRA. The Court finds that the state law claims substantially predominate over the federal claims. See 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(2); Gaines v. Blue Cross Blue Shield of Mich., 261 F. Supp. 2d 900, 906 (E.D. Mich. 2003) (Gadola, J.); Broad, Vogt Conant, Inc. v. Alsthom Automation, Inc., 186 F. Supp. 2d 787, 790-91 (E.D. Mich. 2002) (Gadola, J.); see also Rugambwa v. Betten Motor Sales, Inc., 200 F.R.D. 358, 368 (W.D. Mich. 2001); Eddins v. Excelsior Indep. Sch. Dist., 88 F. Supp. 2d 690, 693 (E.D. Tex. 2000); Caraballo v. S. Stevedoring, Inc., 932 F. Supp. 1462, 1465 (S.D. Fla. 1996); James v. Sun Glass Hut of Cal., Inc., 799 F. Supp. 1083, 1084-85 (D. Colo. 1992). Moreover, the Court finds that judicial economy, convenience, fairness, and comity counsel against exercising supplemental jurisdiction in this case. See Int'l Coll. of Surgeons, 522 U.S. at 173; Cohill, 484 U.S. at 350; Gibbs, 383 U.S. at 726. Therefore, the Court declines to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over Plaintiff's state law claims.
Plaintiff is hereby directed to Michigan Compiled Laws § 600.5856 regarding the tolling of the state statute of limitations. See Meads v. Am. Fed'n of State, County Mun. Employees, No. 186658, 1997 WL 33353362, at *3 (Mich.Ct.App. Feb. 28, 1997) (citing Ralph Shrader, Inc. v. Ecclestone Chem. Co., 22 Mich. App. 213, 215 (1970)); Lee v. Grand Rapids Bd. of Educ., 148 Mich. App. 364, 370 (1986).
ACCORDINGLY, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Plaintiff's state law claims (Counts III, IV, V, VI, VII, and VIII) are DISMISSED WITHOUT PREJUDICE. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that only Plaintiff's federal claims (Counts I, II, IX, and X) shall remain before this Court.
SO ORDERED.