Opinion
2013-07-30
Michael TOYROLA, Plaintiff, v. Michael ST. DENIS and Deanna St. Denis, Defendants.
Law Offices of Williamson, Clune & Stevens by Allan C. VanDeMark, Esq., Ithaca, for Plaintiff Michael Toyrola. Law Offices of Karen L. Lawrence by Barney F. Bilello, Esq., Dewitt, for Defendants Michael St. Denis and Deanna St. Denis.
Law Offices of Williamson, Clune & Stevens by Allan C. VanDeMark, Esq., Ithaca, for Plaintiff Michael Toyrola. Law Offices of Karen L. Lawrence by Barney F. Bilello, Esq., Dewitt, for Defendants Michael St. Denis and Deanna St. Denis.
PHILLIP R. RUMSEY, J.
Plaintiff commenced this action to recover for injuries that he sustained on April 2, 2010, when he dove from a dock extending into Cayuga Lake from real property at defendants' residence located at 1166 East Shore Drive, Lansing (the property). Defendants move for summary judgment dismissing the complaint.
The facts are largely undisputed. The property was owned by defendant Michael St. Denis from October 2006 through January 2010. After selling the property, defendants continued to reside at the property until May 2010, pursuant to an agreement with the new owner. A wooden T-shaped dock extends west into Cayuga Lake. A wooden ladder is located at the southern end of the east side of the portion of the dock that runs north to south (facing toward the shore) ( see Affirmation of Barney F. Bilello, Esq., dated March 11, 2013 [Bilello Affirmation], Exhibit H). Defendant Deanna St. Denis is plaintiff's sister. April 2, 2010 was Good Friday, and the afternoon temperature was approximately eighty five degrees. Plaintiff, his wife Melissa, and their children visited defendants and their children at the property on that date, with plaintiff arriving after work. The children played in the water along the shoreline and the four adults initially sat and visited on the dock. Defendants entered the house, leaving plaintiff and his wife on the dock wearing bathing suits. Plaintiff testified that he was wearing a bathing suit that he had borrowed from defendant because it was more comfortable than his work jeans on the hot afternoon, and that he had no intention of entering the water because he knew that it would be extremely cold. His wife persuaded him to dive into the lake together, calling it a polar plunge or lover's leap. They stood on the wooden ladder, on a rung just above the water level, and dove toward the shore. Plaintiff struck his head on the shale bed of the lake, sustaining injuries. Melissa's hands struck the bottom of the lake, but she was uninjured.
Plaintiff and his wife were familiar with the area where they dove into the lake from the ladder. They had visited the property on numerous occasions when it was owned by Michael St. Denis. During warmer weather, they regularly swam in the lake and jumped and dove from the dock. Plaintiff testified that on previous occasions he had safely dived into the lake in the same location. The lake was estimated to be approximately six to seven feet deep in that area during the normal swimming season, based, in part, on testimony that one could not reach the ladder by walking—it was necessary to swim to reach the ladder from the shore. Defendants were aware that the level of the lake was regulated and, as a result, fluctuated seasonally, but plaintiff was not. The level of the lake is intentionally lowered in the fall to create storage capacity for spring runoffs caused by snow melt and seasonal precipitation; it is typically at its lowest in March, increases through March and April, and attains its highest level in May ( see Bilello Affirmation, ¶ 5, n. 1 [citation to a website maintained by the New York State Canal Corporation at http:// www. canals. ny. gov/ waterlevels/ oswego. index. html]; see also Bilello Affirmation, Exhibit G [Transcript of Examination Before Trial of Michael St. Denis; herein Defendant EBT Transcript], pp. 17–19 ). None of the parties were able to recall swimming in the lake prior to May. The accident occurred on April 2, 2010, when the level of the lake would ordinarily be near its low point ( id. [chart showing seasonal levels of Cayuga Lake posted at http:// www. canals. ny. gov/ waterlevels/ oswego/ rule- curves/ cayuga. pdf] ). In fact, defendant Michael St. Denis testified that the water level was low on the date of the accident—approximately three feet below typical high levels (Defendant EBT Transcript, pp. 19–20). Plaintiff contends that defendants were negligent in failing to warn him of the lower water level on the date of the accident.
Defendants' initial argument in support of their motion for summary judgment—that they had no duty to warn plaintiff of dangerous conditions on Cayuga Lake, which they characterize as adjoining property—is unavailing. The owner of a structure from which a person dives into water on adjoining property may be held liable for the resulting injuries ( see Roberts v. Town of Colchester, 139 A.D.2d 819, 527 N.Y.S.2d 122 [1988];see also Coe v. Ta–Ga–Soke Campgrounds, 162 A.D.2d 980, 557 N.Y.S.2d 207 [1990] ).
Defendants also argue that summary judgment dismissing the complaint must be granted for the reason that plaintiff's own reckless conduct in diving into the lake without knowing the depth of the water or the contour of the lake bed was the sole proximate cause of his injuries. A defendant is relieved of liability where, after his negligence, an unforeseeable superseding event breaks the causal connection between his negligence and a plaintiff's injuries ( see Kriz v. Schum, 75 N.Y.2d 25, 34–35, 550 N.Y.S.2d 584, 549 N.E.2d 1155 [1989], citing Derdiarian v. Felix Contr. Corp., 51 N.Y.2d 308, 315, 434 N.Y.S.2d 166, 414 N.E.2d 666 [1980];Roberts, 139 A.D.2d at 821–822, 527 N.Y.S.2d 122, also citing Derdiarian at 315, 434 N.Y.S.2d 166, 414 N.E.2d 666). There is a substantial body of caselaw considering the issue of whether the conduct of plaintiffs who sustain a diving injury was foreseeable, or whether it was so reckless as to constitute a superseding event absolving the defendants of liability. A significant factor in those cases is the plaintiff's knowledge of conditions prior to diving. It is typically not unforeseeable, as a matter of law, that a plaintiff would choose to dive into water of unknown depth ( see Ziecker v. Town of Orchard Park, 75 N.Y.2d 761, 551 N.Y.S.2d 898, 551 N.E.2d 99 [1989];Kriz, 75 N.Y.2d at 36–37, 550 N.Y.S.2d 584, 549 N.E.2d 1155;Mason v. Anderson, 300 A.D.2d 551, 752 N.Y.S.2d 390 [2002];Walter v. Niagara Mohawk Power Corp., 193 A.D.2d 1065, 598 N.Y.S.2d 416 [1993];Searles v. Town of Horicon, 166 A.D.2d 867, 562 N.Y.S.2d 837 [1990];Coe, 162 A.D.2d 980, 557 N.Y.S.2d 207;Roberts, 139 A.D.2d 819, 527 N.Y.S.2d 122;see also Taylor v. Village of Ilion, 265 A.D.2d 841, 695 N.Y.S.2d 467 [1999] [plaintiff believed the area to be safe for diving after witnessing a friend safely complete a dive] ). However, where plaintiff is unaware of the water depth, and his or her decision to dive or jump is reckless, plaintiff's conduct is deemed unforeseeable and, therefore, a superseding cause of his or her injuries, as a matter of law ( see Butler v. Marshall, 243 A.D.2d 971, 663 N.Y.S.2d 381 [1997] [plaintiff jumped into a secluded pond at dusk after consuming several alcoholic beverages without having any idea of its depth]; Johnson v. Harrington, 215 A.D.2d 857, 626 N.Y.S.2d 324 [1995],lv. denied87 N.Y.2d 802, 638 N.Y.S.2d 425, 661 N.E.2d 999 [1995] [plaintiff dove into unfamiliar waters after dark without knowledge of local conditions after having consumed several beers]; see also Mortis v. Dittl, 275 A.D.2d 940, 715 N.Y.S.2d 182 [2000] [plaintiff could only have erroneously assumed that the water was of sufficient depth for diving after seeing two friends standing in water that did not reach their waists]; Lionarons v. General Elec. Corp., 215 A.D.2d 851, 626 N.Y.S.2d 321 [1995],affd. on memorandum below86 N.Y.2d 832, 634 N.Y.S.2d 436, 658 N.E.2d 214 [1995] [it was not the plaintiff's failure to be aware of diving conditions that absolved defendant of liability, but his failure to ascertain the reaction of the diving board before executing a high dive into a shallow creek; although he had investigated the water depth prior to his dive after witnessing others safely complete dives, the “springy” nature of the diving board surprised the plaintiff, affecting his dive and causing him to land in a shallow area that was only two feet deep] ).
A plaintiff's conduct is also deemed unforeseeable, and therefore sufficiently reckless to absolve the defendant of liability, as a matter of law, where he or she executes a dive with the knowledge that the water is too shallow to permit safe diving ( see Tkeshelashvili v. State of New York, 18 N.Y.3d 199, 936 N.Y.S.2d 645, 960 N.E.2d 414 [2011] [plaintiff should have known from conditions with which he was very familiar that the water was only two feet deep when he dove (near the dam where plaintiff dove, spillways limited the maximum depth to four feet, and the water level was readily observable to be two feet below the spillways) ]; Olsen v. Town of Richfield, 81 N.Y.2d 1024, 599 N.Y.S.2d 912, 616 N.E.2d 498 [1993] [plaintiff had jumped or dived in the area hundreds of times over five years, and knew that a dive could be completed safely only by executing a shallow dive in a small area]; Howard v. Poseidon Pools, 72 N.Y.2d 972, 534 N.Y.S.2d 360, 530 N.E.2d 1280 [1988] [plaintiff had been swimming in the pool for 45 minutes prior to the accident, could see the bottom, and knew that the water was shallow]; Boltax v. Joy Day Camp, 67 N.Y.2d 617, 499 N.Y.S.2d 660, 490 N.E.2d 527 [1986] [plaintiff admitted his familiarity with water levels at each part of the pool]; DeRosa v. U.S. Dredging Corp., 215 A.D.2d 625, 628 N.Y.S.2d 314 [1995] [plaintiff was familiar with the water depth]; Rowell v. Town of Hempstead, 186 A.D.2d 553, 588 N.Y.S.2d 405 [1992],lv. denied81 N.Y.2d 703, 594 N.Y.S.2d 717, 610 N.E.2d 390 [1993],rearg. dismissed81 N.Y.2d 936, 597 N.Y.S.2d 932, 613 N.E.2d 964 [1993] [plaintiff had been swimming in the area where he dove for 15 minutes prior to the accident and knew from experience how to determine whether the tide was high or low]; see also Clifford v. Harrow Stores, 256 A.D.2d 602, 683 N.Y.S.2d 126 [1998] [plaintiff had been familiar with pool for seven years and could see the bottom before stepping into the pool and injuring her ankle] ).
The uncontradicted testimony here shows that (1) with the bottom of the lake not visible, plaintiff believed that the water was deep enough to dive safely, based on the fact that he had done so on numerous occasions in the past; (2) plaintiffbelieved that the water was more than six feet deep in that location, based on his experiences during the typical swimming season; and (3) plaintiff was unaware that water depth in the lake was regulated and fluctuated seasonally. Under such circumstances and the foregoing principles, it cannot be said that with his lack of awareness that the water was too shallow to permit him to dive safely on the date of the accident, his decision to do so was so reckless as to constitute the sole proximate cause of his injuries, as a matter of law ( see Walter, 193 A.D.2d 1065, 598 N.Y.S.2d 416 and Coe, 162 A.D.2d 980, 557 N.Y.S.2d 207). However, although plaintiff's failure to notice that the lake level was lower than it typically was when he had safely dived in the same location on previous occasions does not constitute a superseding cause of negligence, as a matter of law, it may be considered by the finder of fact on that issue and is relevant to the extent of his comparative fault, if any ( see e.g. Ziecker, 75 N.Y.2d 761, 551 N.Y.S.2d 898, 551 N.E.2d 99 [plaintiff's lack of knowledge of water depth precluded determination that his conduct was a superseding act absolving defendant from liability; however, the jury found him to be 70% liable for his own injuries] ).
Based on the foregoing, defendants' motion must be, and hereby is, denied.
This decision constitutes the order of the court. The transmittal of copies of this decision and order by the court shall not constitute notice of entry.