Opinion
No. 226797.
Submitted February 13, 2001, at Detroit.
Decided July 20, 2001, at 9:10 a.m. Updated September 28, 2001.
Appeal from WCAC, LC No. 97-000747.
Charles W. Palmer, for the plaintiff.
Humphrey, Hannon, Moriarty Schoener, P.C. (by Donald H. Hannon and Denise L. Clemmons), for the defendant.
Before: White, P.J., and Wilder and Zahra, JJ.
ON REMAND
This case is before us on remand from the Supreme Court for consideration as on leave granted. Toth v Autoalliance Int'l, Inc No 2, 461 Mich. 1020 (2000). Plaintiff appeals the calculation of her "average weekly wage" made by the magistrate and affirmed by the Worker's Compensation Appellate Commission (WCAC). We reverse and remand.
See MCL 418.371.
Plaintiff worked for defendant from March 1987 until October 1991, when she left work because of pain in her hands and wrists. Plaintiff was found to suffer from work-related bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome and received worker's compensation benefits as a result of that disability. Plaintiff had surgery to correct the condition, and in October 1993 she was cleared by her physician to return to work without restrictions. Soon after returning to work, plaintiff began to suffer pain in her wrists. In March 1994, plaintiff was examined by defendant's workplace physician. That same month, plaintiff was laid off after defendant determined it could not accommodate the restrictions placed on her physical activities. It is plaintiff's employment from October 1993 to March 1994 that is at issue in the present case.
Plaintiff brought the present claim, arguing her return to unrestricted work in October 1993 led to aggravation of her condition and resulted in a new date of injury. As such, plaintiff argued, it was necessary to recalculate her worker's compensation benefit amount. See MCL 418.301, 418.371. The magistrate found a new injury date of March 25, 1994, and recalculated the amount of worker's compensation benefits to which plaintiff was entitled. In calculating plaintiff's "average weekly wage," the magistrate counted the three days plaintiff worked her first week of employment in October 1993, and the four days plaintiff worked the week she was injured in March 1994, as fractions of a whole, five-day, week and counted all weeks in between, in which at least one day was worked, as full weeks. Using this method the magistrate concluded that plaintiff's average weekly wage was $601.52, with a resulting compensation amount of $371.58.
It appears that the magistrate utilized MCL 418.371(3) in making that calculation.
On appeal to the WCAC, the magistrate's finding regarding plaintiff's average weekly wage was affirmed. The WCAC reasoned that the magistrate calculated plaintiff's average weekly wage in the manner "mandated" by the Supreme Court's decision in Rowell v Security Steel Processing Co, 445 Mich. 347; 518 N.W.2d 409 (1994), which interpreted MCL 418.371(3).
Plaintiff appealed to this Court, which vacated the WCAC decision and remanded the matter by peremptory order. Toth v Auto Alliance Int'l, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered August 3, 1999 (Docket Nos. 219103, 219153). On appeal to the Supreme Court, this Court's order was vacated and the matter was remanded to this Court. We have been directed to consider "whether the magistrate correctly calculated plaintiff's average weekly wage. In so doing, [this Court] is to specifically consider which section of MCL 418.371; MSA 17.237(371) applies to the calculation of the plaintiff's average weekly wage." Toth v Autoalliance Int'l, Inc No 2, supra.
MCL 418.371 provides:
(1) The weekly loss in wages referred to in this act shall consist of the percentage of the average weekly earnings of the injured employee computed according to this section as fairly represents the proportionate extent of the impairment of the employee's earning capacity in the employments covered by this act in which the employee was working at the time of the personal injury. The weekly loss in wages shall be fixed as of the time of the personal injury, and determined considering the nature and extent of the personal injury. The compensation payable, when added to the employee's wage earning capacity after the personal injury in the same or other employments, shall not exceed the employee's average weekly earnings at the time of the injury.
(2) As used in this act, "average weekly wage" means the weekly wage earned by the employee at the time of the employee's injury in all employment, inclusive of overtime, premium pay, and cost of living adjustment, and exclusive of any fringe or other benefits which continue during the disability. Any fringe or other benefit which does not continue during the disability shall be included for purposes of determining an employee's average weekly wage to the extent that the inclusion of the fringe or other benefit will not result in a weekly benefit amount which is greater than 2/3 of the state average weekly wage at the time of injury. The average weekly wage shall be determined by computing the total wages paid in the highest paid 39 weeks of the 52 weeks immediately preceding the date of injury, and dividing by 39.
(3) If the employee worked less than 39 weeks in the employment in which the employee was injured, the average weekly wage shall be based upon the total wages earned by the employee divided by the total number of weeks actually worked. For purposes of this subsection, only those weeks in which work is performed shall be considered in computing the total wages earned and the number of weeks actually worked.
(4) If an employee sustains a compensable injury before completing his or her first work week, the average weekly wage shall be calculated by determining the number of hours of work per week contracted for by that employee multiplied by the employee's hourly rate, or the weekly salary contracted for by the employee.
(5) If the hourly earning of the employee cannot be ascertained, or if the pay has not been designated for the work required, the wage, for the purpose of calculating compensation, shall be taken to be the usual wage for similar services if the services are rendered by paid employees.
(6) If there are special circumstances under which the average weekly wage cannot justly be determined by applying subsections (2) to (5), an average weekly wage may be computed by dividing the aggregate earnings during the year before the injury by the number of days when work was performed and multiplying that daily wage by the number of working days customary in the employment, but not less than 5.
(7) The average weekly wage as determined under this section shall be rounded to the nearest dollar.
The primary goal of judicial interpretation of statutes is to ascertain and give effect to the Legislature's intent. Frankenmuth Mut Ins Co v Marlette Homes, Inc, 456 Mich. 511, 515; 573 N.W.2d 611 (1998). If the plain and ordinary meaning of a statute is clear, judicial construction is neither necessary nor permitted. Elia v Hazen, 242 Mich. App. 374, 381; 619 N.W.2d 1 (2000). We may not speculate with regard to the probable intent of the Legislature beyond the words expressed in the statute. In re Schnell, 214 Mich. App. 304, 310; 543 N.W.2d 11 (1995). When reasonable minds may differ with respect to the meaning of a statute, the courts must look to the object of the statute, the harm it is designed to remedy, and apply a reasonable construction that best accomplishes the purpose of the statute. Marquis v Hartford Accident Indemnity (After Remand), 444 Mich. 638, 644; 513 N.W.2d 799 (1994).
Much of the parties' arguments on appeal focuses on whether each of plaintiff's partially worked weeks between October 1993 and March 1994 should be considered fractions of whole weeks when calculating plaintiff's average weekly wage under MCL 418.371(3). See Rowell, supra. However, subsection 3 is not applicable to the present case because plaintiff worked for defendant for more than thirty-nine weeks. In Montano v General Motors Corp, 187 Mich. App. 230; 466 N.W.2d 707 (1991), this Court stated:
Turning to the statute in issue, we reject defendant's argument that the "39 weeks" in [MCL 418.371(3)] refers to "39 weeks of the 52 weeks immediately preceding the date of the injury" referred to in subsection (2). We believe the clear and unambiguous meaning of subsection (3) refers to a situation where an employee has not yet worked thirty-nine weeks at the place of employment where he was injured.[] Moreover, we reject plaintiff's contention that the board properly applied subsection (3) to the present situation. Although plaintiff had not worked more than thirty-nine weeks for defendant in the year preceding his injury, he clearly had worked for defendant more than thirty-nine weeks at the time of his injury. Since subsection (3) applies only to employees who have not yet worked thirty-nine weeks for their employer at the time they are injured, subsection (3) is inapplicable to the present situation. [ Id. at 235-236.]
We recognize that we are bound to follow Montano; however, contrary to the Montano panel, we believe it is reasonable to construe the reference within subsection 3 to "39 weeks" as directly referring to the "39 weeks of the 52 weeks" referenced in subsection 2. Those subsections reasonably lend themselves to that interpretation as well as the interpretation taken by the Montano panel. Importantly, our disagreement with Montano on this point does not require a different result. As will be discussed, consideration of § 371 as a whole makes clear that the Legislature desired calculation of a true average weekly wage. Calculation of plaintiff's wage under subsection 6, rather than subsection 3, accomplishes that goal in these circumstances.
Here, while plaintiff worked less than thirty-nine weeks after returning to work in October 1993, she had been employed by and worked for defendant for several years. Therefore, subsection 3 does not apply to the present case. Id. Likewise, the plain language of subsections 2, 4 and 5 precludes determination of plaintiff's average weekly wage under any of those provisions. Plaintiff worked less than thirty-nine weeks of the fifty-two weeks immediately preceding the March 25, 1994, date of injury and, therefore, subsection 2 is inapplicable. Because plaintiff's injury did not occur during her first week of employment and there is no question regarding the calculation of plaintiff's hourly wage, subsections 4 and 5 do not apply.
We conclude that the circumstances of the present case, which preclude determination of plaintiff's average weekly wage under subsections 2 to 5 constitute special circumstances that warrant calculation under subsection 6. See Montano, supra at 236. On remand, the WCAC shall divide plaintiff's aggregated earnings during the relevant period before the injury, which neither party disputes were $12,270.91, by the eighty-two days plaintiff worked, and multiply that amount by the number of days the WCAC determines to be customary in the employment, but not less than five. MCL 418.371(6). The resulting sum, must then be rounded to the nearest dollar to arrive at plaintiff's average weekly wage. MCL 418.371(7). Our conclusion that special circumstances exist that warrant application of subsection 6 is supported by a reading of § 371 as a whole, which indicates our Legislature drafted a statute that is sensitive to accuracy and seeks to produce a true average weekly wage. See Rowell, supra at 356-359.
Despite defendant's claim that plaintiff failed to preserve the issue whether subsection 6 may be said to apply, the Supreme Court has ordered us to consider which section of MCL 418.371 applies to this case, without limiting the subsections we may consider.
To the extent that the Rowell Court's interpretation of § 371 was based on a desire to avoid construing the statute in a manner that produces an unreasonable or unjust result, Rowell, supra at 354, we question the logic of utilizing a method of statutory construction that allows deviation from the express language of a statute merely because a reviewing court may conclude that application of the statute renders an absurd or unjust result. People v McIntire, 461 Mich. 147, 155-156, n 2; 599 N.W.2d 102 (1999) (explaining that departure from the literal construction of a statute where application may render an absurd or unreasonable result invites impermissible judicial law making).
To the extent that plaintiff argues this case should be guided by the principles set forth in Arnold v General Motors Corp, 456 Mich. 682; 575 N.W.2d 540 (1998), that argument was not properly preserved for our review because it was neither raised before nor addressed by the WCAC. See Fast Air, Inc v Knight, 235 Mich. App. 541, 549; 599 N.W.2d 489 (1999). Further, because Arnold did not involve the interpretation of MCL 418.371, addressing this issue is outside the scope of the remand order.
We reverse the WCAC's ruling calculating plaintiff's average weekly wage under MCL 418.371(3) and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.