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discussing moral right under predecessor statute, Puerto Rico's Intellectual Property Act, Law No. 96 of July 15, 1988, as amended, which also protects "against harm to an author's dignity and person that ensues from an infringement of an author's work."
Summary of this case from Estate of Leavitt-Rey v. Marrero-GonzalezOpinion
Nos. CIV. 02-1728(HL), CIV. 02-1729(HL).
February 6, 2006.
Julio A. De la Rosa-Rive, Tamara S. Pascual, Pascual, Moran Associates, Giovanni Jose, Canino-Sanchez, Manuel A., Quilichini-Garcia, Quilichini Law Office, San Juan, PR, for Fernando Torres-Negron, Plaintiff.
Alfredo, Castellanos-Bayouth, Castellanos Law Firm, Irene M. Vera, Gonzalez Gonzalez, Jose A. Hernandez-Mayoral, Hernandez Mayoral Law Office, Jose L. Machicote, Jose L. Machicote Law Office, San Juan, Miriam Gonzalez-Olivencia, Miriam Gonzalez Olivencia Law Office, Guaynabo, Roberto Sueiro-Del-Valle, Roberto Sueiro del Valle LLM, Miguel E. Bonilla-Sierra, Miguel E. Bonilla Sierra Law Office, San Juan, PR, for Antonio L. Rivera, Centro Records, Gozadera, Solo Exitos, Inc., Yesenia Rivera-Matos, Luis Rivera Record Distributor, Inc. doing business as Luis Rivera Distributors, CDT Records, Inc. doing business as Casa de Los Tapes, Inc., Cruz Manuel Hernandez-Santiago also known as Manny Manuel, Corporation A, A-Z Ins. Co., Defendants.
OPINION AND ORDER
Before the Court is Defendants Sony Discos, Inc. ("Sony") and JN Records' ("JN") (hereinafter collectively "Defendants") "Motion in Limine to Dismiss the Complaint and for Reargument" requesting, inter alia, that the Court revisit its May 18, 2005 Opinion and Order to reconsider the statute of limitations governing Plaintiff Fernando Torres-Negrón's moral rights claims. Plaintiff filed a response in opposition to said motion and Defendants filed a reply to Plaintiff's opposition. After further research and careful consideration, the Court has decided to revisit the statute of limitations question, though it otherwise reaffirms its Opinion and Order adopting the Magistrate Judge's Report and Recommendation. For the reasons stated below, the Court holds that the statute of limitations period for Plaintiff's moral rights claims is one year.
Docket No. 336.
See Docket No. 371.
Docket Nos. 378, 382.
The question as to the appropriate statute of limitations period for moral rights claims brought under Puerto Rico's Intellectual Property Act is one of first impression. Where a federal court must interpret an area of unsettled state law, its task is to forecast how the highest court of that state would decide the issue. See In re: Boston Regional Medical Ctr., Inc., 410 F.3d 100, 108 (2005) (citingBlinzler v. Marriot Int'l, Inc., 81 F.3d 1148, 1151 (1st Cir. 1996)); Warren Bros. Co. v. Cardi Corp., 471 F.2d 1304, 1307 n. 3 (1st Cir. 1973); McKenna v. Ortho Pharmaceutical Corp., 622 F.2d 657, 662 (3d Cir. 1980). The Supreme Court of Puerto Rico has held that when deciding issues of first impression sounding in tort, as is the case here, the courts of Puerto Rico should look to the Civil Code of Puerto Rico, and not the common law of the United States. Valle v. Am. Int'l. Ins. Co., 108 P.R. Offic. Trans. 735, 736-38 (P.R. 1979) (Trias-Monge, C.J.).
The statute applicable to Plaintiff's moral rights claims is Puerto Rico's Intellectual Property Act, which is codified in Articles 359a, et seq. of the Civil Code, Intellectual Property Act of July 15, 1988, 31 L.P.R.A. §§ 1401, et seq. (Equity 1993 Supp. 2004) ("Intellectual Property Act"). The Intellectual Property Act grants the author or beneficiary of a literary, scientific, artistic and/or musical work:
[T]he exclusive prerogatives to attribute to him/herself or retract its authorship, dispose of his/her work, authorize its publication and protect its integrity, in accordance with the special laws in effect on the matter.Id. at § 1401. As opposed to the protections of the United States Copyright Act of 1976, 17 U.S.C. §§ 101, et seq. ("Copyright Act"), which only provides relief for damages that are economic in nature, see id. at §§ 502-13, Puerto Rico's Intellectual Property Act protects against harm to an author's dignity and person that ensues from an infringement of an author's work see Ossorio Ruiz v. Jose H. Grau, Secretary of Housing, 106 P.R. Offic. Trans. 65, 72-76 (P.R. 1977) (Trias-Monge, C.J.) (explaining the concept of "moral rights" with respect to copyright claims). The Intellectual Property Act's protection of moral rights is contained in section 1401a, which states: "Moral law allows whoever creates a work, to enjoy the benefits of its authorship, as established in § 1401 of this title." 31 L.P.R.A. § 1401a.
The Intellectual Property Act is silent, however, as to the statute of limitations for such claims. The magistrate judge, in his November 11, 2004 Report and Recommendation, found that the applicable limitations period was three years based upon 31 L.P.R.A. § 1401g, which states: "The actions provided in section 1401h of this title prescribe three (3) years after each violation became known." As is abundantly clear from the aforementioned text of section 1401g, this limitations provision applies only to actions brought under section 1401h, which only addresses claims for recovery of five percent of any appreciation in the value of an artist's work upon resale, and states, in pertinent part:
Docket No. 274.
Any person who creates a work of art is entitled to receive five (5) percent of the increase in the value of said work at the moment it is resold. . . .
31 L.P.R.A. § 1401h. There are no other provisions in sections 1401 through 1402 of the Intellectual Property Act that prescribe a limitations period.
Basic canons of construction and the statutory context of the Intellectual Property Act within the framework of the Puerto Rico Civil Code make it pellucid that the legislature did not intend to extend the three year statute of limitations to moral rights actions. Under the basic canon of statutory constructioninclusio unius est exclusio alterius, the express inclusion of a term in only one place implies its exclusion in others. Had the legislature wanted the limitations period to apply to the other actions set forth in the Intellectual Property Act, it would not have confined the provision to claims brought under section 1401h but would have instead expressed its applicability to the other sections.
The framework of the Puerto Rico Civil Code militates in favor of a one year statute of limitations period. The concept of intellectual property contained in the Civil Code comprises two categories of rights: those that are "patrimonial" (i.e., pecuniary or economic) in nature and those that are "extra-patrimonial" and deal with the protection of an author's honor, integrity, and person. See Ossorio, 106 P.R. Offic. Trans. at 69; Pancorbo v. Wometco, P.R., Inc., 115 P.R. Offic. Trans. 650, 657 (P.R. 1984); see generally, DIEGO E. CANOVAS, LAS FACULTADES DEL DERECHO MORAL DE LOS AUTORES Y ARTISTAS 19, 51 (1991) (noting that Spanish law recognizes this same division between patrimonial and extra-patrimonial rights and that moral rights include the protection of personal honor). When the commonwealth legislature promulgated the Intellectual Property Act in 1988 and integrated it into the Civil Code, it did so within the context of these patrimonial and extra-patrimonial rights. The extra-patrimonial rights were embodied within the "moral rights" provision contained in section 1401a. See Pancorbo, 115 P.R. Offic. Trans. at 657.
In situations such as these, where a statute is silent as to the limitations period, the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico has stated that it is necessary to look at the entire statutory scheme of the Civil Code and to take the missing provision from the most analogous statute. See Olmo v. Young Rubicam of Puerto Rico, 110 P.R. Offic. Trans. 965, 972 (P.R. 1981) (Trias-Monge, C.J.) (stating, "[i]nasmuch as the statute does not provide a period of limitation, we should resort to the most analogous term. . . ."); Valle, 108 P.R. Offic. Trans. at 736-38 (P.R. 1979). Because Plaintiff is seeking relief that is extra-patrimonial in nature, it only makes sense within the statutory framework of that Act and the Civil Code to borrow a provision from a statutory section that provides for extra-patrimonial damages based on moral rights violations. In order to understand how the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico would go about finding an analogous statute, it is useful to look at the facts fromOlmo v. Young Rubicam of Puerto Rico, 110 P.R. Offic. Trans. 965. The plaintiff-appellant there alleged that he was fired on the basis of racial discrimination and brought a claim under the Puerto Rico Civil Rights Act and Article 2, Act No. 100 of June 30, 1959, 29 L.P.R.A. § 146, which provides for civil damages where an employee is discharged on the basis of race. Id. at 967-68. Because neither of these statutes provided a statute of limitations, plaintiff-appellant argued that the court should apply the three year period from the Minimum Wage Act, which he claimed was the most analogous statute. Id. at 968-69. The Puerto Rico Supreme Court disagreed and applied the one year term from the Civil Code's general tort provision contained in Article 1868 of the Civil Code, 31 L.P.R.A. § 5298, because the Minimum Wage Act only permitted a recovery of wages and did not provide for a claim for tort damages based on discrimination. See id. at 969-73.
In the present case, Plaintiff's moral rights claims most closely fit under Article 1802 of the Civil Code, 31 L.P.R.A. § 5141, which addresses general tort claims based on fault and negligence and has been held to include the right to bring a claim for moral rights violations, see First Nat'l City Bank of New York v. Gonzalez, 293 F.2d 919, 921 (1st Cir. 1961) (holding that § 5141 includes "the right to claim damages for `humiliations and mental sufferings, independent of the existence of physical damages. . . .'") (quoting Muriel v. Suazo, 72 P.R.R. 348, 352 (1951)). This general torts section provides for a one year statute of limitations. Plaintiff here has a similar claim to that of the plaintiff-appellant in Young Rubicam of Puerto Rico. Like the plaintiff-appellant in Young Rubicam of Puerto Rico, who had brought a tort claim for extra-patrimonial damages that went beyond simply a demand for wages, Young Rubicam of Puerto Rico, 110 P.R. Offic. Trans. 967-68, the Plaintiff here is bringing torts claims for moral rights damages, which go beyond merely seeking recovery for actual damages resulting from the alleged infringement of his copyrights. Furthermore, there are sound policy reasons for a one year statute of limitations. The Supreme Court of Puerto Rico has explained that a one year limitations period is most appropriate with respect to claims which sound in tort (such as Plaintiff's moral rights damages claims) because of, inter alia, the need to prevent any confusion as to issues of liability and the calculation of damages that may arise through the passage of time, the fact that evidence is often ephemeral and may disappear quickly, and the vital public interest that these facts be duly and rapidly aired in the furtherance of the collective well-being. Young Rubicam of Puerto Rico, P.R. Offic. Trans. at 973-74.
The concept of "fault" is very broad and encompasses any misdeed of any person which results in harm or damage, see Bonilla v. Chardón, 118 D.P.R. 599 (P.R. 1987), including intentional torts, Barretto Peat, Inc. v. Ayala Colon Sucrs., Inc., 896 F.2d 656, 657 (1st Cir. 1990).
The limitations period applicable to section 5141 is set forth in section 5298, which states, in pertinent part:
The following prescribe in one (1) year:
. . . .
(2) Actions to demand civil liability for grave insults or calumny, and for obligations arising from the fault or negligence mentioned in § 5141 of this title, from the time the aggrieved person had knowledge thereof.
31 L.P.R.A. § 5298.
In view of the aforementioned, Defendants' motion is hereby GRANTED in part and DENIED in part. The Court holds that the applicable statute of limitations period for Plaintiff's moral rights claims brought under Puerto Rico law is one year. The Court denies the relief requested in the remainder of Defendants' motion.
IT IS SO ORDERED.