Opinion
Civ. No. 86-319 (CSF).
November 20, 1989.
Arthur N. Martin, Jr., P.C., Newark, N.J., for plaintiff.
Jones, Day, Reavis Pogue by James E. Farrell, Jr., Loa Angeles, Cal., for defendant.
OPINION
The plaintiff, Richard Thompson, alleges that he was wrongfully discharged in violation of various civil rights statutes, including 42 U.S.C. § 1981. The defendant, Jonson Johnson Management Information Center, is presently before the court seeking judgment on the pleadings with respect to plaintiff's claims under Section 1981. For the reasons set forth below, defendant's motion is granted.
In essence, the sole issue before the court is whether the Supreme Court's recent decision in Patterson v. McLean Credit Union, ___ U.S. ___, 109 S.Ct. 2363, 105 L.Ed.2d 132 (1989) should be applied in this case. The plaintiff concedes that the defendant is entitled to judgment if Patterson governs; however, he argues that the court should not apply Patterson retroactively.
In Patterson, the Court delineated the parameters of § with respect to employment discrimination. The court stated that the most obvious feature of the statute "is restriction of its scope to forbidding discrimination in the `mak[ing] and enforce[ment]' of contracts." Patterson, 109 S.Ct. at 2372. Accordingly, the Court concluded that the protections of § 1981 are restricted to redressing discrimination in the making and enforcement of contracts.
Section 1981 reads as follows:
All persons within the jurisdiction of the United States shall have the same right in every State and Territory to make an enforce contracts, to sue, be parties, give evidence and to the full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the security of persons and property as is enjoyed by white citizens, and shall be subject to like punishment, pains, penalties, taxes, licenses, and exactions of every kind, and to no other.
Against this background the Court held that the right to make an employment contract
extends only to the formation of [the] contract, but not to problems that may arise later from conditions of continuing employment. . . . [T]he right to make contracts does not extend, as a matter of logic or semantics, to conduct by the employer after his contract relation has been established, including breaches of terms of the contract or imposition of discriminatory working conditions.Id. 109 S.Ct. at 2372-73. Therefore, allegations of discriminatory termination of an employment contract are not protected under § 1981. Such post-formation conduct concerns the performance of contractual obligations and does not involve the making of the contract. Id. at 2373.
The plaintiff agrees that defendant's conduct, although reprehensible if true, is not actionable under § 1981 insofar as it does not involve discrimination in the making or enforcement of plaintiff's employment contract. The plaintiff argues, however, that the Patterson decision should not be applied retroactively.
Generally, cases are decided "in accordance with the law existing at the time of decision." Goodman v. Lukens Steel, 482 U.S. 656, 662, 107 S.Ct. 2617, 2621, 96 L.Ed.2d 572 (1987). Therefore, decisions of the Supreme Court are usually applied retroactively; however, the Court, in Chevron Oil v. Huson, 404 U.S. 97, 92 S.Ct. 349, 30 L.Ed.2d 296 (1971), set out three qualifications for limiting a decision to prospective application:
(1) The holding must establish a new principle of law, either by overruling clear past precedent on which litigants have relied, or by deciding an issue of first impression whose resolution was not clearly foreshadowed;
(2) The merits and demerits in each case must be weighed by looking to the history of the rule in dispute, its purpose and effect, and whether retrospective operation; will further or retard the rule's operation
(3) Retrospective application must create the risk of producing substantially inequitable results.Hill v. Equitable Trust Co., 851 F.2d 691, 696 (3d Cir. 1988), cert. denied sub nom Data Controls North, Inc. v. Equitable Bank Nat'l Assoc., ___ U.S. ___, 109 S.Ct. 791, 102 L.Ed.2d 782 (1989); Chevron, 404 U.S. at 106-07, 92 S.Ct. at 355-56.
The first factor to consider is whether Patterson establishes a new principle of law. In this regard it is necessary to examine whether the case overrules clear past precedent. While on its face Patterson does not purport to overrule precedent, courts heretofore had recognized a cause of action under § 1981 for racial discrimination in terms of employment:
It is now settled that an employee may sue an employer under section 1981 for intentional discrimination in the terms and conditions of employment. . . . Section 1981 was not originally promulgated to regulate the workplace; however, it is now routinely invoked to circumscribe an employer's right to alter the terms and conditions of employment on the basis of an employee's race or national origin.Musikiwamba v. Essi, Inc., 760 F.2d 740, 748 (7th Cir. 1985). See also Alston v. Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp., 449 F. Supp. 553, 556 (W.D.Pa. 1978) ("Section 1981 has been recognized in [the Third] Circuit as creating a cause of action for alleged employment discrimination"). This "settled" law, while not explicitly overruled, is certainly inconsistent with the Supreme Court's holding in Patterson. Thus, the first factor of Chevron tilts in favor of limiting Patterson to prospective application.
Plaintiff also argues that the second element of Chevron, "whether retrospective operation will further or retard the rule's operation," similarly inures in favors of prospective application. This court concluded otherwise. In Patterson, the Supreme Court was reluctant to read § 1981 "broadly where the result is to circumvent the detailed remedial scheme" of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et. seq., 109 S.Ct. at 2375. The Court concluded that Title VII, and not § 1981, is the proper remedy for persons alleging that they have discriminated against in the conditions of their employment. The remedies and procedures of Title VII reflect a congressional choice which balances the concerns of both employees and employers. This court must protect that balance and use caution in not "twist[ing] the interpretation of [§ 1981] to cover" conduct forbidden by Title VII. See Patterson, 109 S.Ct. at 2375. Accordingly, the policies embodied in § 1981 and Title VII, and schemes by which remedies may be achieved under those statutes, are best served by application of the decision in Patterson. See Brackshaw v. Miles, Inc., 723 F. Supp. 60 (N.D.Ill. 1989).
Finally, plaintiff argues that applying Patterson retroactively would be inequitable. Plaintiff admits, however, that any "injustice" may be litigated pursuant to Title VII, assuming the procedural aspects of Title VII have been followed. Here, the plaintiff has complied with those procedures. Retroactive application of Patterson would not yield an inequitable result, as the plaintiff still may pursue his Title VII remedy. Indeed, there is less hardship here than in Patterson itself, where the plaintiff brought her action only under § 1981.
Most courts, while not specifically addressing the issue, have concluded that Patterson should be applied retroactively. Morgan v. Kansan City Area Transportation Authority, 720 F. Supp. 758 (W.D.Mo. 1989) (citing cases). Compare Gillespie v. First interstate Bank of Wisconsin, 717 F. Supp. 649 (E.D. Wis. 1989) (applying Patterson prospectively where case was tried and jury verdict delivered, but judgment yet to be entered). But see Williams v. National RailRoad Passenger Corp., 716 F. Supp. 49 (D.D.C. 1989) (declining to follow Gillespie where case had not gone to trial). The matter before the court has not yet to reach its trial date. If the court were not to apply Patterson retroactively solely because the plaintiff relied upon precedent when filing suit, the general rule that cases be applied retroactively would become the exception.
In sum, the court finds that the plaintiff has not satisfied the requirements of non-retroactivity under Chevron. Accordingly, the Supreme Court's decision in Patterson will be given retroactive application, and defendant's motion for summary judgment as to plaintiff's § 1981 claims will be granted. No costs.