Opinion
No. 20910.
Decided May 18, 1964.
From the denial of a motion to vacate, set aside or correct judgment and sentence, the defendant brings error.
Affirmed.
1. CRIMINAL LAW — Post Conviction Remedy — Constitutional Right — Writ of Error. The post conviction remedy afforded under Rule 35 (b), Colo. R. Crim. P., provides a convicted person with a means to attack any alleged violations of his constitutional rights when are of a sort not effectively subject to review on writ of error.
2. Writ of Error — Post Conviction Remedy. Where a party has not availed himself of the normal writ of error procedure, he cannot thereafter seize upon the Rule 35 (b) remedy in order to seek relief from alleged grievances which are properly the subject of a writ of error, unless he has been effectively precluded from doing so.
3. Post Conviction Remedy — Writ of Error. The post conviction remedy of Rule 35 (b), Colo. R. Crim. P., was not intended to abrogate the plain direction of Rule 39 (d), Colo. R. Crim. P., which provides that no writs of error shall issue after six months from date of final judgment.
4. Motion — Writ of Error — Timeless — Transcript — Counsel. An assertion by movant that he was effectively precluded from prosecuting a timely writ of error after conviction because of poverty is not borne out by his motion of its face.
5. Credibility of Witness — Review — Motion — Constitutional Question. Credibility of witnesses for the people not reviewable by motion to vacate, set aside, or correct judgment and sentence pursuant to Rule 35 (b), Colo. R. Crim. P.; it does not rise to the dignity of a constitutional question and will not be considered in such proceeding.
6. COURTS — Search and Seizure — Admissibility — Change of Law — Time of Announcement. Doctrine announced in decision of United States Supreme Court prohibiting use in trial of evidence obtained as a result of unreasonable search and seizure promulgated a change of law in Colorado and was therefore not applicable to conviction which became final before change in law announced.
Error to the District Court of the City and County of Denver, Hon. Robert P. Fullerton, Judge.
Plaintiff in error, pro se.
Mr. DUKE W. DUNBAR, Attorney General, Mr. FRANK E. HICKEY, Deputy, Mr. JOHN P. MOORE, Assistant, for defendant in error.
ON April 23, 1958, James Arthur Taylor was convicted of murder in the first degree and was sentenced to life imprisonment in the state penitentiary. Taylor's codefendant, one Miller, was similarly convicted and sentenced and his conviction was affirmed by this Court in Miller v. People, 141 Colo. 576, 349 P.2d 685. Taylor did not prosecute a writ of error to his conviction.
On February 13, 1963, Taylor, pro se, filed a "Motion to Vacate, Set Aside, or Correct Judgment and Sentence" pursuant to Rule 35 (b), Colo. R. Crim. P., which motion was denied by the trial court. From the denial of this motion, Taylor brings error.
Taylor's motion is based on essentially two grounds: (1) that he was convicted on the strength of "perjured" testimony in that the testimony of the witnesses for the People was inherently incredible and not worthy of belief and (2) that his conviction was secured through the use of evidence obtained as a result of an unreasonable search and seizure.
[1-3] We would initially point out that the post conviction remedy afforded under Rule 35 (b), Colo. R. Crim. P., provides a convicted person with a means to attack any alleged violations of his constitutional rights which are " of a sort not effectively subject to review on writ of error." Where a party has not availed himself of the normal writ of error procedure, unless he has been effectively precluded from doing so, he cannot thereafter seize upon the Rule 35 (b) remedy in order to seek relief from alleged grievances which are properly the subject of a writ of error. Swanson v. People, 154 Colo. 340, 390 P.2d 470. See also, Symposium on the Colorado Rules of Criminal Procedure , 35 Rocky Mt. L. Rev. 1, 72. Rule 35 (b) was not intended to abrogate the plain direction of Rule 39 (d) that no writs of error shall issue after six months from the date of final judgment nor was it intended to serve as an inducement for those convicted of a crime to delay in informing the courts of alleged violations of their constitutional rights until such time as the witnesses against them might suffer from hazy memories, or, indeed, be unavailable for trial.
Turning to the case at bar, Taylor asserts that he was unable to timely prosecute his writ of error after conviction because of his poverty. The record does not disclose and Taylor does not assert that he was denied either a free transcript or counsel in order to prosecute a writ of error. In short, Taylor's motion on its face contains no allegation which could support a conclusion that he was effectively precluded from prosecuting a timely writ of error.
Taylor claims that he was convicted upon "perjured" testimony, but in reality his argument on that point is only an attack on the credibility of the witnesses for the People. This is patently a matter not reviewable by motion under Rule 35 (b). It does not rise to the dignity of a constitutional question and under such circumstances will not be considered in this proceeding. Swanson v. People, supra; Bizup v. Tinsley, 10 Cir., 1963, 316 F.2d 284.
Taylor's contention that he is entitled to relief because of Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 6 L.Ed.2d 1081, 81 S. Ct. 1684, is also without merit. In the course of Taylor's trial upon the charge of murder, the issue of admissibility of the seized evidence in question was hotly contested and resolved by the trial judge in favor of admissibility upon the authority of Massantonio v. People, 77 Colo. 392, 236 Pac. 1019 and Wolf v. Colorado, 338 U.S. 25, 93 L.Ed. 1782, 69 S.Ct. 1359. Mapp of course, overruled Wolf and, in the process, Massantonio. In our view, Mapp promulgated a change in the law of this state, and, therefore, the doctrine announced in Mapp has no application to convictions which became final before it was announced. Gaitan v. U.S., 10 Cir., 1961, 295 F.2d 277, cert. denied, 369 U.S. 857, 8 L.Ed.2d 15, 82 S.Ct. 939.
Taylor agrees with this view but attempts to bring himself within the rule by contending that the alleged crime in Mapp was committed before the crime with which he was charged was committed and that, if he had taken writ of error from his conviction, the decision on his writ of error might not have yet been announced at the time Mapp was delivered and that, therefore, application of Mapp to his situation would not be retroactive. The argument is ingenious but not tenable. The controlling factor here is that the judgment of conviction against Taylor became final before Mapp announced the change in law and against this judgment Mapp does not operate.
The judgment is affirmed.