Summary
In Sun Cab Co., Inc. v. Cialkowski, 217 Md. 253, 257, a case in which, in one view of the evidence, a pedestrian had a green light and was struck by a cab coming through against the red, Chief Judge Brune, for the Court, said that "the jury could properly have found that the plaintiff had the right of way and that he was not bound to anticipate that the driver of the taxicab would not respect it", citing the Caryl case, supra, and Wintrobe v. Hart, 178 Md. 289.
Summary of this case from Eastern Contractors v. StateOpinion
[No. 241, September Term, 1957.]
Decided June 13, 1958.
NEGLIGENCE — Contributory — as Matter of Law — Whether Plaintiff Guilty of, Considered in Light of All Inferences Most Favorable to His Case. The question of whether a plaintiff was contributorily negligent as a matter of law must be considered in the light of all the inferences most favorable to the plaintiff's case that may fairly be deduced from the evidence. p. 256
PEDESTRIANS — At Crosswalk — Use of Due Care and Caution. A pedestrian at a crosswalk has some obligation to observe the rule of due care and caution to avoid injury. p. 257
AUTOMOBILES — Testimony That Pedestrian Was Struck in Crosswalk After Starting Across Street with Traffic Light in His Favor and After Seeing Defendants' Cab at Substantial Distance — Not Contributorily Negligent as Matter of Law. Where plaintiff was struck in a crosswalk by an eastbound taxicab as he was endeavoring to cross from the southwest to the northwest corner of the street at an intersection controlled by an automatic traffic light, and there was testimony that he looked and saw the cab at a substantial distance and then started across the street in the crosswalk with the traffic light in his favor, the Court held on the evidence that the jury could properly have found that he had the right of way and that he was not bound to anticipate that the driver of the taxicab would not respect it. Under these circumstances plaintiff was clearly entitled to the benefit of Code (1957), Art. 66 1/2, secs. 193 (a)(1) and (2), which (among other things) require all vehicles to yield the right of way to pedestrians lawfully within an intersection controlled by a signal exhibiting differently colored lights successively at the time such signal is exhibited, and which further provide that pedestrians facing the signal may proceed across the roadway within any marked or unmarked crosswalk. Consequently, plaintiff was not contributorily negligent as a matter of law on the theory that he stepped into the path of the cab at a time when it was so close that it could not be stopped in time to avoid the accident, as defendants (the owner of the cab and its driver) claimed. p. 257
AUTOMOBILES — Pedestrian Struck by Defendants' Taxicab in Crosswalk — Certain Instructions Requested by Defendants Held Properly Refused. In the instant case, where a pedestrian (plaintiff) was struck in the crosswalk at an intersection by defendants' taxicab, and there was testimony that the pedestrian looked and saw the cab at a substantial distance and then started across the street in the crosswalk with the traffic light in his favor, defendants (the taxicab company and the driver of the cab which struck plaintiff) were not entitled to instructions to the jury to the effect that (1) regardless of the color of the traffic light, if plaintiff failed to look before stepping out into the street, and (2) regardless of whether it was his duty to look, if he looked but failed to see the cab, then in either event he was guilty of contributory negligence. The trial court properly declined to give the requested instructions in view of the testimony that plaintiff did look and did see the cab at a substantial distance. It was also stated that the trial court's charge did not place undue emphasis upon the question of who had the green light by the statement in the charge that the case really boiled down to that question, in view of the above testimony and considering the instructions as a whole, particularly those relating to contributory negligence. This question was said to be vital under Code (1957), Art. 66 1/2, sec. 193, and, in view of the conflicting testimony, the most important question as to both plaintiff's right of way and his alleged contributory negligence. p. 258
AUTOMOBILES — Pedestrian Struck by Taxicab in Crosswalk — References in Court's Charge to Speed and Skid Marks Held Not Improper. In this action for damages arising from the striking of the plaintiff-pedestrian by defendants' taxicab after he started across the street in the crosswalk with the traffic light said to be in his favor, where the trial judge had told the jury that "skid marks standing alone are not an indication of speed", the court did not err in later referring to different estimates of speed, varying from 15 to 35 miles per hour in a zone where the speed limit was 25 miles per hour, and then stating that speed alone was not the sole basis of negligence, and that neither were skid marks. The speed of the taxicab was a factor, where the plaintiff's right of way at a street crossing was invaded, and it may well have been a proximate cause of his injuries; and taking both of the court's references to skid marks together, there was no prejudice shown to defendants on that subject. pp. 258-259
J.E.B.
Decided June 13, 1958.
Appeal from the Superior Court of Baltimore City (CARTER, J.).
Action by John Cialkowski against the Sun Cab Company, Inc., and Harry Goldberg for damages for personal injuries sustained by plaintiff when he was struck by a taxicab owned by the corporate defendant and being operated by the individual defendant. From a judgment for plaintiff entered on a jury's verdict, defendants appeal.
Affirmed, with costs.
The cause was argued before BRUNE, C.J., and HENDERSON, HAMMOND, PRESCOTT and HORNEY, JJ.
Frederick J. Green, Jr., with whom was James J. Lindsay on the brief, for the appellants.
Bernard M. Goldstein, with whom was Marvin I. Singer on the brief, for the appellee.
This is a street crossing accident case involving a pedestrian, the plaintiff, Cialkowski, and a motor vehicle, a taxicab owned by the corporate defendant, Sun Cab Company, Inc., and operated by one of its employees, Harry Goldberg, the individual defendant. The crossing at which the accident occurred is controlled by an automatic traffic light. The plaintiff was endeavoring to cross Pratt Street from the southwest to the northwest corner at its intersection with Carey Street, in the City of Baltimore, when he was struck by the defendants' cab. The accident occurred at about 8:45 A.M. on August 9, 1956. The taxicab was eastbound on Pratt Street. The defendants moved for a directed verdict in their favor at the conclusion of the whole case. This motion was overruled and the case was submitted to the jury on questions of primary negligence on the part of the defendants and of contributory negligence on the part of the plaintiff. The jury returned a verdict for the plaintiff, and the defendants filed a motion for judgment n.o.v. (and in the alternative for a new trial). Each was denied, and judgment on the verdict in favor of the plaintiff was made absolute. The defendants appeal.
On appeal the defendants concede that there was sufficient evidence to take the case to the jury on the issue of primary negligence. They seek reversal on the alleged contributory negligence of the plaintiff and certain errors in the trial court's instructions to the jury.
The case is clearly one in which the plaintiff was struck while in the crosswalk. No lengthy recitation of testimony would serve any useful purpose. We are bound to consider the question of whether or not the plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence as a matter of law in the light of all the inferences most favorable to the plaintiff's case that may fairly be deduced from the evidence. Baltimore Transit Co. v. State, Use of Castranda, 194 Md. 421, 71 A.2d 442; Eisenhower v. Baltimore Transit Co., 190 Md. 528, 59 A.2d 313; Patapsco Back Rivers R.R. Co. v. Bowers, 213 Md. 78, 129 A.2d 802; Katzel v. Clark, 215 Md. 54, 137 A.2d 125.
There was evidence to show that the plaintiff had gotten out of an automobile near the intersection, that he had walked up to the corner, had greeted two friends briefly while waiting for the traffic light to change in his favor to green, that while standing on the corner he had looked to his left and had seen the defendants' cab at a distance of about three-quarters of a block from the corner, that he had stepped out into the crossing when the light changed to green for north-south traffic and that he was struck when he had gone about six feet into the street. There was also some testimony that the speed of the cab was about 35 miles per hour, though the speed limit was 25 miles an hour. The defendants adduced testimony contradictory of the plaintiff's in some material respects, but the controverted questions of fact were clearly for the determination of the jury.
The defendants' principal contention is that the taxicab was plainly visible and that the plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence because he stepped into its path at a time when the cab was so close that it could not be stopped in time to avoid the accident. It may be agreed that a pedestrian at a crosswalk has some obligation to observe the rule of due care and caution to avoid injury. Chasanow v. Smouse, 168 Md. 629, 178 A. 846; Sillik v. Hoeck, 168 Md. 639, 178 A. 852. On the basis of the evidence above summarized, we do not think that it can be said that it is established that the plaintiff did not use due care. There is testimony here that the pedestrian did look and did see the cab at a substantial distance and that he then started across the street in the crosswalk with the traffic light in his favor. In that situation he is clearly entitled to the benefit of Code (1957), Art. 66 1/2, § 193(a)(1) and (2), which provides (among other things) that whenever traffic is controlled by signals exhibiting different colored lights successively, all vehicles shall yield the right of way to pedestrians lawfully within the intersection at the time such signal is exhibited and that pedestrians facing the signal may proceed across the roadway within any marked or unmarked crosswalk. This Section changed the prior law with regard to intersections controlled by traffic lights as determined in Panitz v. Webb, 149 Md. 75, 130 A. 913, decided under what is now § 236 (a) of Art. 66 1/2 of the 1957 Code, which is derived from Ch. 506 of the Acts of 1920. See Caryl v. Baltimore Transit Co., 190 Md. 162, 58 A.2d 239. We think that on the evidence the jury could properly have found that the plaintiff had the right of way and that he was not bound to anticipate that the driver of the taxicab would not respect it. Caryl v. Baltimore Transit Co., supra; Wintrobe v. Hart, 178 Md. 289, 13 A.2d 365, in which contentions made by the defendant, which were very similar to those made by the defendants here, were rejected. See also Legum v. State, Use of Moran, 167 Md. 339, 173 A. 565; and Sheriff Motor Co. v. State, Use of Parker, 169 Md. 79, 179 A. 508; and cf. Henderson v. Brown, 214 Md. 463, 135 A.2d 881.
The defendants claim that the trial court should have granted instructions requested by them to the effect, first, that, regardless of the color of the traffic light, if the plaintiff failed to look before stepping out into the street, and second, that, regardless of whether it was his duty to look, if he did look but failed to see the taxicab, then in either event he was guilty of contributory negligence. We do not think that, in view of the evidence above referred to that the plaintiff did look and did see the cab at a substantial distance, the first of these requested instructions should have been given; and the second would not have been proper in the face of that testimony and in view of Wintrobe v. Hart, supra.
Also, in view of the evidence above mentioned, and considering the trial court's instructions as a whole, particularly those relating to contributory negligence, we do not think that undue emphasis was placed upon the question of who had the green light by the court's statement that the case really boiled down to that question. It was a vital question under § 193 of Art. 66 1/2, supra, and in view of the conflict in the testimony as to the circumstances under which the plaintiff stepped out into the street, it seems to have been the most important question as to both the plaintiff's right of way and his alleged contributory negligence. We think that the latter question was adequately submitted to the jury; and under Baltimore Transit Co. v. State, Use of Castranda, supra, it was proper to submit it to the jury.
The defendants also complain of the instructions with regard to speed and skid marks. The court told the jury that "skid marks standing alone are not an indication of speed." Even the most captious defendant could scarcely have objected to that charge, and these defendants have not done so. They do object, however, to a statement made later in the same paragraph of the charge. The trial judge referred to different estimates of speed, which varied from 15 to 35 miles per hour in a zone where the speed limit was 25 miles per hour, and he then stated that speed alone was not the sole basis of negligence, and that neither were skid marks. We find no error in these instructions. The speed of the cab was a factor in this case where the pedestrian plaintiff's right of way at a street crossing was invaded, and it may well have been a proximate cause of the plaintiff's injuries. Sun Cab Co. v. Faulkner, 163 Md. 477, 163 A. 194, relied upon by the appellants, deals with quite a different situation. There it was held that the proximate cause of an automobile collision was not the rate of speed of the vehicle having the right of way by virtue of a green light traffic signal, but that the other vehicle unexpectedly came through a red light in violation of the right of way of the first vehicle. The speed of the first vehicle, even if negligent, was held not to have threatened to have caused the collision, and the collision was held to have resulted from the intervention of an independent agency not set in motion or influenced by the driving of the first vehicle. Sun Cab Co. v. Cusick, 209 Md. 354, 121 A.2d 188, is in general similar to the Faulkner case, except that it involved a boulevard intersection rather than one controlled by a traffic light.
Taking both of the court's above references to skid marks together, we find no prejudice to the defendants on that subject.
In accordance with the above views, the judgment is affirmed.
Judgment affirmed, with costs.