Opinion
No. 295403.
February 8, 2011, UNPUBLISHED.
May 19, 2011 at 9:00 a.m., APPROVED FOR PUBLICATION.
Appeal from Court of Claims, LC No. 09-000014-MT.
Before: MURPHY, C.J., and WHITBECK and MURRAY, JJ.
In this dispute over the proper application of the tax benefit rule, defendant Department of Treasury appeals as of right the Court of Claims order denying its motion for summary disposition, granting plaintiffs' motion for summary disposition, reversing the Department's decision and order of termination, and compelling the Department to refund plaintiffs $174,214 plus interest. We hold that although the Court of Claims correctly ruled that the Michigan Income Tax Act (ITA), MCL 206.1 et seq., necessarily incorporates the federal tax benefit rule, the rule was not applicable in this case. Therefore, we reverse the opinion and order of the Court of Claims.
I. BACKGROUND
This case finds its genesis in plaintiffs' attempt to recover their lost investment in the Pupler Distributing Company, an organization later discovered to be a Ponzi scheme. Between 1998 and 2002, plaintiffs loaned over $4,000,000 to Pupler and, in return, received interest payments of $4,346,680. Plaintiffs reported and paid federal and state taxes on the interest payments for the years 1998 through 2002.
A "Ponzi" or "Ponzi scheme" is defined as "a swindle in which a quick return on an initial investment paid out of funds from new investors lures the victim into bigger risks." Random House Webster's College Dictionary (1997). It is named after Charles Ponzi, who was the organizer of such a scheme during 1919 and 1920. Id.
In late 2002, plaintiffs discovered that Pupler was a Ponzi scheme with no legitimate business purpose. Pupler's interest payments to plaintiffs ceased at that time with Pupler owing plaintiffs $5,108,500 in outstanding loans. As a result, plaintiffs claimed a theft loss deduction of $5,108,500 for this lost investment on their 2002 federal tax return pursuant to 26 USC 165, and reduced their federal tax liability accordingly. Notably, the theft loss deduction is taken "below the line" (i.e., after the determination of adjusted gross income). Consequently, because Michigan tax liability is based on the federal definitions of adjusted gross income, the deduction had no effect on plaintiffs' Michigan income tax liability.
See MCL 206.30.
On November 14, 2002, an involuntary petition was filed against Pupler pursuant to Chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code, 11 USC 701 et seq. The bankruptcy trustee subsequently demanded plaintiffs return the $4,346,680 in interest payments they had received from Pupler plus a ten percent premium on the interest earned. Plaintiffs eventually entered into a settlement agreement with the bankruptcy trustee permitting them to offset the repayment of interest against their lost investments in Pupler. However, because the amount of plaintiff's interest repayment plus the premium totaled more than the lost investments, plaintiffs submitted a check in the amount of $350,000 representing the difference in the two figures.
Based on this transaction, plaintiffs reported a theft loss recovery of $4,200,160 (the estimated total amount of their recovered lost investment) on their 2004 federal income tax return. Notably, a theft loss recovery is added "above the line" and therefore is included in the calculation of a taxpayer's adjusted gross income. The report of the theft loss recovery, therefore, had significant Michigan tax liability implications for plaintiffs because, as previously noted, the theft loss deduction (for their lost principal investment) claimed by plaintiffs in 2002 was taken "below the line" and consequently provided plaintiffs no Michigan tax benefit. Thus, in order to avoid paying taxes twice on the same income, plaintiffs deducted the amount of the theft loss recovery ($4,200,160) from the adjusted gross income of their 2004 Michigan income tax return. Plaintiffs based this action on the federal "tax benefit rule." Under this adjustment, plaintiffs claimed a Michigan tax refund of $171,348 plus interest.
Plaintiffs also reported a claim of right deduction of $4,346,680, on their federal tax return to account for their interest repayment. When reduced by the theft loss recovery, plaintiffs claimed a net deduction on their federal taxes of $146,520 for the bankruptcy transaction.
The tax benefit rule provides that "[g]ross income does not include income attributable to the recovery during the taxable year of any amount deducted in any prior taxable year to the extent such amount did not reduce the amount of tax imposed by this chapter." 26 USC 111(a)
The Department subsequently audited plaintiffs' 2004 income tax return and issued an intent to assess on the grounds that the tax benefit rule did not apply and, therefore, the theft loss recovery deduction was improper. Consequently, the Department denied plaintiffs' tax refund claim and found an income tax deficiency of $2,866 plus interest for the 2004 tax year. At the request of plaintiffs, an informal conference with the Department was held on November 14, 2006. At the conclusion of the conference, the hearing referee recommended that the federal tax benefit rule be incorporated into Michigan law and that the assessment be canceled. Two years later, however, the Director of Tax Policy overruled that recommendation and affirmed the assessment.
Plaintiffs paid the assessed tax and interest before initiating suit in the Court of Claims on January 28, 2009. In their complaint, plaintiffs requested an order requiring the Department to apply the tax benefit rule and claim of right doctrine and to issue a tax refund. The Department answered in due course, and plaintiffs filed their motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10) (no genuine issue of material fact).
According to plaintiffs, since the federal theft loss deduction provided no Michigan income tax benefit, the theft loss recovery was not includable in plaintiff's adjusted gross income under the tax benefit rule where the Michigan ITA specifically incorporates definitions and deductions of the Internal Revenue Code. The Department responded that because plaintiffs failed to prove remission of their interest payment from Pupler to the trustee, who in any event did not have authority to require such a payment, and alternatively, because the ITA not provide for the application of the tax benefit rule to theft losses, the court should grant the Department summary disposition under MCR 2.116(I)(2) (opposing party entitled to judgment) and dismiss plaintiffs' complaint.
In a ten-page opinion and order, the Court of Claims held the tax benefit rule was applicable based on an apparent ambiguity in the law. Specifically, the court explained:
Based simply on the plain language of the Act itself, it appears that the tax benefit rule must be recognized in Michigan. After all, the Act adopts by reference the definitions and principles contained in federal law and the Internal Revenue Code, and the Internal Revenue Code, in turn, incorporates the tax benefit rule. Defendant, however, points to the fact that the Legislature in certain circumstances, explicitly provided in the Act for adjustments to one's taxable income to account for deductions that may be taken on one's federal taxes but not on one's Michigan income tax returns, such as state, city, and property tax refunds. Noting that the Legislature thus knew how to provide for such adjustments when it wanted to, but that it did not provide for such an adjustment based on Michigan's non-recognition of the Theft Loss Deduction, Defendant argues that clearly the Legislature did not intend to adopt the tax benefit rule in Michigan's Income Tax Act in such circumstances. This is an equally viable interpretation. [Emphasis in original.]
Noting that such an ambiguity must be construed in plaintiffs' favor, the court found that "the Michigan Income Tax Act provides for recognition of the tax benefit principle." Additionally, the court rejected the Department's argument that plaintiffs failed to remit their interest payment to the trustee since plaintiffs had offset their interest repayment by the amount of their lost investment. Accordingly, the court granted summary disposition to plaintiffs, reversed the Department's Decision and Order of Termination, and canceled plaintiffs' December 26, 2008, final bill for taxes due. Plaintiffs were therefore entitled to a refund of $174,214 plus interest. The instant appeal ensued.
II. ANALYSIS
On appeal, the Department reiterates its challenge to plaintiffs' eligibility for a tax refund. The Court reviews de novo an appeal from an order granting a motion for summary disposition. Dressel v Ameribank, 468 Mich 557, 561; 664 NW2d 151 (2003). A motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10) should be granted when the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law because there is no genuine issue of material fact. Maiden v Rozwood, 461 Mich 109, 120; 597 NW2d 817 (1999). A genuine issue of material fact exists when reasonable minds could differ after drawing reasonable inferences from the record. West v Gen Motors Corp, 469 Mich 177, 183; 665 NW2d 468 (2003). In reviewing this issue, the Court must consider the pleadings, affidavits, depositions, admissions, and other documentary evidence and construe them in a light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Corley v Detroit Bd of Ed, 470 Mich 274, 278; 681 NW2d 342 (2004). Issues of statutory interpretation are also questions of law that we review de novo. USAA Ins Co v Houston General Ins Co, 220 Mich App 386, 389; 559 NW2d 98 (1996).
A. PLAINTIFFS' PAYMENT TO THE TRUSTEE
Before reaching the merits of the applicability of the tax benefit rule, we first address the Department's preliminary contention that plaintiffs are not entitled to a refund since they failed to remit to the bankruptcy trustee interest payments received from Pupler. The flaw of this argument is the failure to acknowledge that plaintiffs' actual repayment to the trustee of $350,000 was the difference between the Pupler interest payments and plaintiffs' lost investment. Further, as the lower court observed, defendants failed to submit any evidence calling into question the estimation of plaintiffs' accountant that plaintiffs recovered only $4,200,120 of their lost investment. An opposing party's allegations without documentary support are insufficient to create a genuine issue of material fact. Quinto v Cross Peters Co, 451 Mich 358, 362; 547 NW2d 314 (1996).
Additionally, we reject the Department's claim that the bankruptcy trustee lacked the legal authority to recover the interest payments from plaintiffs. In making this argument, the Department asserts that the trustee was only entitled to recover interest payments made within 90 days of the filing of the bankruptcy petition since the trustee found that no fraudulent transfers were made to plaintiffs. See 11 USC 547. The record reveals no such finding by the trustee, however. Instead, the trustee determined that plaintiffs were without fraudulent transfer liability because they had no net "Ponzi Profits." In other words, the trustee's determination pertained to the effect of plaintiffs' offsetting their lost investment against the repayment of their interest gains as opposed to any fraudulent transfers, per se.
And in any event, it is well-established that in the absence of a defense under 11 USC 548(c) a bankruptcy trustee may recover the full amount paid to Ponzi scheme investors under § 548(a)(1)(A), because the question of intent to defraud is not debatable. See, e.g., Fisher v Sellis (In re Lake States Commodities, Inc), 253 Bankr 866, 877-878 (ND Ill, 2000); In re Taubman, 160 Bankr 964, 983-984 (SD Ohio, 1993); In re Agricultural Research Technology Group, Inc, 916 F2d 528, 536 (CA 9, 1990); In re Baker Getty Financial Servs, Inc, 98 Bankr 300, 308 (ND Ohio, 1989). As the Department launches no attack on the trustee's right to recover under that latter section, their challenge to the trustee's legal authority must fail.
B. THE TAX BENEFIT RULE
We now turn to the central issue in this case: whether the tax benefit rule permitted plaintiffs to deduct their theft loss recovery in calculating their tax liability. This inquiry requires interpretation and application of the Michigan Income Tax Act (ITA), MCL 206.1 et seq. Thus, we begin by examining the specific language of the statute to give effect to the Legislature's intent. Renny v Dep't of Transportation, 478 Mich 490, 495; 734 NW2d 518 (2007). Where the language is unambiguous, judicial construction is neither required nor permitted. Id.
1. DOES THE ITA RECOGNIZE THE TAX BENEFIT RULE?
The ITA subjects the "taxable income" of every individual other than a corporation to a state income tax. MCL 206.51(1). Notably, the ITA expressly incorporates federal principles in calculating taxable income so that terms in the ITA have the same meaning as when used in a comparable context in federal law. As MCL 206.2 provides in relevant part:
(2) Any term used in this act shall have the same meaning as when used in comparable context in the laws of the United States relating to federal income taxes unless a different meaning is clearly required. Any reference in this act to the internal revenue code shall include other provisions of the laws of the United States relating to federal income taxes.
(3) It is the intention of this Act that the income subject to tax be the same as taxable income as defined and applicable to the subject taxpayer in the internal revenue code, except as other provided in this act.
Both taxable income and adjusted gross income are defined in the Internal Revenue Code (IRC) as gross income minus allowable deductions. 26 USC 62; 26 USC 63. The ITA, in turn, defines taxable income as "adjusted gross income as defined in the internal revenue code" minus certain specified adjustments. MCL 206.30(1).
The federal provision under which plaintiffs seek to deduct their theft loss recovery is the tax benefit rule. As noted earlier, that rule provides that "[g]ross income does not include income attributable to the recovery during the taxable year of any amount deducted in any prior taxable year to the extent such amount did not reduce the amount of tax imposed by this chapter." 26 USC 111(a).
Instructive in applying the tax benefit rule are the cases of Preston v Dep't of Treasury, 190 Mich App 491; 476 NW2d 455 (1991), and Cook v Dep't of Treasury, 229 Mich App 653; 583 NW2d 696 (1998). In Preston, the Court looked to the Legislature's statement of intent in MCL 206.2(3) and concluded that Michigan income taxpayers should receive a deduction for a net operating loss (NOL) even though the ITA did not expressly provide for such a deduction. The Court explained that "[b]ecause the Internal Revenue Code defines adjusted gross income to include a deduction for an NOL, it therefore follows that the Michigan Income Tax Act allows an NOL deduction. . . ." Preston, 190 Mich App at 495.
The ITA was subsequently amended to provide for such a deduction. MCL 206.30(1)(o) and (p).
Cook followed the reasoning of Preston, but concluded that the taxpayer in that case was not entitled to a deduction. At issue in Cook was whether oil and gas expenses are deductible even though oil and gas proceeds are exempt from tax under the ITA. Cook, 229 Mich App at 660. Relying on Preston, the Court determined that MCL 206.2(3) requires that a Michigan taxpayer's taxable income be "calculated in the same manner as it would be under the federal IRC, in the absence of an express provision of the Michigan ITA requiring a different result." Cook, 229 Mich App at 660. Applying this rationale, the Court held that even though the IRC permitted deductions for oil and gas expenses, a deduction for these expenses was not proper under the Michigan ITA because the applicable accounting rule in the IRC disallowed deductions for income wholly exempt from taxes imposed by the IRC. Id. at 658-660.
From these cases, it is clear that taxable income in Michigan is to be calculated using the definitions in the IRC. Indeed, this is precisely what the plain language of MCL 206.2(3) mandates. This is, of course, different than saying taxable income in a Michigan tax return is identical to taxable income in a federal tax return.
To determine whether the ITA recognizes the federal tax benefit rule, then, we must turn to the relevant definitions. Regarding taxable income, the ITA directs that we look to the IRC's definition of adjusted gross income. MCL 206.30(1). That definition provides that the starting point in calculating adjusted gross income is gross income. 26 USC 62. This definition is key because the tax benefit rule pertains directly to the calculation of gross income. 26 USC 111(a); Allstate Ins Co v United States, 936 F2d 1271, 1275 (CA Fed, 1991). Therefore, it follows that since the tax benefit rule is one part of the calculus in determining a taxpayer's federal adjusted gross income, the ITA's own definition of taxable income necessarily permits plaintiffs to invoke the provisions of the tax benefit rule if they are applicable to their circumstances.
2. DOES THE TAX BENEFIT RULE APPLY HERE?
As previously noted, the plain language of the tax benefit rule permits a taxpayer to exclude from gross income any income that is recovered and was previously deducted in a prior taxable year so long as that previous deduction did not reduce the taxpayer's tax liability under the IRC. 26 USC 111(a). Here, plaintiffs seek to deduct their theft loss recovery (i.e., the amount of their investment in Pupler recovered in bankruptcy) on their Michigan tax return. The problem is that the lost investment was not previously deducted on any prior Michigan tax return. And "in order for an amount to be excluded from gross income [under the tax benefit rule], it must have previously been claimable as a deduction." John Hancock Financial Servs v United States, 378 F3d 1302, 1306 (CA Fed, 2004). Thus, by its very terms, the tax benefit rule does not permit the deduction plaintiffs now seek.
Plaintiffs point out that because they previously claimed a theft loss deduction on their 2002 federal tax return, the tax benefit rule is applicable in calculating their 2004 Michigan tax liability because they received no Michigan tax benefit for the deduction. This argument, however, ignores that the theft loss deduction in 2002 was taken only in calculating plaintiffs' federal tax return and reducing their 2002 federal tax liability for that year. Indeed, it is because the theft loss deduction did result in a reduced tax that plaintiffs could not invoke the tax benefit rule in calculating their 2004 federal tax return. For somewhat similar reasons, because the ITA does not provide for a theft loss deduction, the tax benefit rule does not apply by its very terms. Consequently, plaintiffs' attempt to transpose their 2002 federal theft loss deduction to their 2004 Michigan tax return is improper because it is not specific figures from a federal tax return but rather the IRC's calculations that the ITA incorporates to determine income subject to tax.
Michigan law does not provide for a theft loss deduction. This is so because the theft loss deduction is taken below the line and consequently is not included in the ITA's definition of adjusted gross income. Neither party disputes this point.
Finally, we need to address the Department's argument that the ITA's implicit recognition of the federal tax benefit rule renders other provisions of the ITA, in particular MCL 206.30(1)(s), surplusage or nugatory. MCL 206.30(1)(s) permits a deduction for state and city income tax and property tax refunds to the extent they were included as adjusted gross income on the federal return. According to the Department, this is an application of the tax benefit rule since a Michigan taxpayer receives no Michigan tax benefit for his federal deductions of these local taxes made in the prior year's federal tax return.
The deduction permitted in MCL 206.30(1)(s), however, would be an exception to the rule enunciated in the analysis above since it would permit a federal deduction to trigger the tax benefit rule to a Michigan tax return. Notwithstanding, in this respect the benefit of MCL 206.30(1)(s) is not an application of the tax benefit rule as implicitly recognized by MCL 206.2 since the tax benefit rule recognized by MCL 206.2 looks to previous deductions on a Michigan tax return in calculating income subject to state tax. Thus, MCL 206.2's recognition of the tax benefit rule does not render MCL 206.30(1)(s) surplusage or nugatory as the Department claims, nor does it create an ambiguity in the law as the Court of Claims ruled.
Nevertheless, the fact that the ITA specifically permits a taxpayer to use a deduction from federal tax returns in calculating Michigan adjusted gross income in certain circumstances (i.e., state and city taxes) and not in others (i.e., the theft loss deduction) strongly implies that the Legislature did not intend to permit application of the tax benefit rule to the situation at hand. See American Federation of State, Co, and Muni Employees v Detroit, 267 Mich App 255, 260; 704 NW2d 712 (2005) ("Michigan recognizes the maxim expressio unius est exclusio alterius; that the express mention in a statute of one thing implies the exclusion of other similar things"). In short, the tax benefit rule is inapplicable in this case.
III. CONCLUSION
In view of the foregoing analysis, we hold that although the ITA necessarily incorporates the federal tax benefit rule, the rule was not applicable in this case. Plaintiffs were not entitled to deduct their theft loss recovery from their 2004 Michigan tax return. We are aware that because of our ruling today, plaintiffs will receive no Michigan tax benefit for their losses in a Ponzi scheme and, in fact, must pay additional taxes due to their theft loss recovery. The proper forum to rectify this problem, however, is the Legislature and not this Court. Casco Twp v Secretary of State, 472 Mich 566, 603; 701 NW2d 102 (2005).
The opinion and order of the Court of Claims is hereby reversed.
No costs, a public question involved.