Opinion
Case No. 18-cv-4988-LB
09-24-2018
STRIKE 3 HOLDINGS, LLC, Plaintiff, v. JOHN DOE SUBSCRIBER ASSIGNED IP ADDRESS 108.198.213.54, Defendant.
ORDER GRANTING PLAINTIFF'S EX PARTE MOTION TO TAKE EARLY DISCOVERY
Re: ECF No. 8
INTRODUCTION
The plaintiff Strike 3 Holdings owns the copyrights for several adult motion pictures. It alleges that someone — the Doe defendant here — who uses the IP address 108.198.213.54 infringed on those copyrights. Despite its own efforts, Strike 3 Holdings has not been able to identify the individual associated with that IP address. Strike 3 Holdings now asks the court to let it serve a subpoena on non-party AT&T, Inc. (AT&T U-verse), the Doe defendant's internet service provider, to learn the Doe defendant's identity. Because Strike 3 Holdings has demonstrated that good cause exists to allow it to serve a subpoena, the court grants the motion.
Mot. - ECF No. 8 at 9. Citations refer to material in the Electronic Case File ("ECF"); pinpoint citations are to the ECF-generated page numbers at the top of documents.
Id.
Id. at 14-15.
See generally id.
STATEMENT
Strike 3 Holdings is the owner of several adult motion pictures distributed through its Blacked, Tushy, Vixen, and Blacked Raw brands. The motion pictures are registered with the United States Copyright Office or have complete applications pending.
Compl. - ECF No. 1 at 2 (¶ 1).
Id. at 5 (¶32).
The Doe defendant, who uses the AT&T U-verse-provided IP address 108.198.213.54, used the file distribution network known as "BitTorrent" to illegally download and distribute Strike 3 Holdings's copyrighted movies. Through well-accepted geolocation technology, Strike 3 has traced each download made to the Doe defendant's IP address to a physical address in the Northern District of California. Strike 3 Holdings's investigator established direct "TCP/IP" connections with the defendant's IP address while the defendant was using BitTorrent. The investigator downloaded media files containing a digital copy of Strike 3's copyrighted movies from the defendant. The "file hash" — a unique value that acts as a "fingerprint" identifying media files — confirmed that the files the investigator downloaded were downloaded from the defendant. The defendant "has been recorded infringing 36 movies over an extended period of time." Strike 3 Holdings did not give the defendant permission or authorization to distribute its copyrighted movies. Strike 3 Holdings alleges that AT&T U-verse can identify the defendant through his or her IP address.
Id. (¶ 24).
Id. at 2 (¶ 9).
Id. at 5 (¶ 25).
Id. (¶ 26).
Id. (¶ 27).
Id. at 2 (¶ 4).
Id. at 6 (¶ 38).
Id. at 2 (¶ 5).
On August 15, 2018, Strike 3 Holdings filed a complaint against the Doe defendant alleging one claim for copyright infringement under the Copyright Act. On September 21, 2018, Strike 3 Holdings filed an ex parte motion asking the court to allow it to serve AT&T U-verse with a subpoena under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 45. Strike 3 Holdings says that the subpoena will be limited to the name and address of the individual/individuals associated with the Doe defendant's IP address.
Id. at 6-7 (¶¶ 35-40).
Mot. - ECF No. 8 at 10.
Id.
GOVERNING LAW
A court may authorize early discovery before the Rule 26(f) conference for the parties' and witnesses' convenience and in the interests of justice. Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(d). Courts within the Ninth Circuit generally consider whether a plaintiff has shown "good cause" for early discovery. See, e.g., IO Grp., Inc. v. Does 1-65, No. 10-4377 SC, 2010 WL 4055667, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 15, 2010); Semitool, Inc. v. Tokyo Electron Am., Inc., 208 F.R.D. 273, 275-77 (N.D. Cal. 2002); Tex. Guaranteed Student Loan Corp. v. Dhindsa, No. 1:10-cv-00335-LJO-SKO, 2010 WL 2353520, at *2 (E.D. Cal. June 9, 2010); Yokohama Tire Corp. v. Dealers Tire Supply, Inc., 202 F.R.D. 612, 613-14 (D. Ariz. 2001) (collecting cases and standards). "Good cause may be found where the need for expedited discovery, in consideration of the administration of justice, outweighs the prejudice to the responding party." Semitool, 208 F.R.D. at 276.
In evaluating whether a plaintiff establishes good cause to learn the identity of a Doe defendant through early discovery, courts examine whether the plaintiff: (1) identifies the Doe defendant with sufficient specificity that the court can determine that the defendant is a real person who can be sued in federal court, (2) recounts the steps taken to locate and identify the defendant, (3) demonstrates that the action can withstand a motion to dismiss, and (4) shows that the discovery is reasonably likely to lead to identifying information that will permit service of process. Columbia Ins. Co. v. seescandy.com, 185 F.R.D. 573, 578-80 (N.D. Cal. 1999) (citations omitted). "'[W]here the identity of alleged defendants [is not] known prior to the filing of a complaint[,] the plaintiff should be given an opportunity through discovery to identify the unknown defendants, unless it is clear that discovery would not uncover the identities, or that the complaint would be dismissed on other grounds.'" Wakefield v. Thompson, 177 F.3d 1160, 1163 (9th Cir. 1999) (quoting Gillespie v. Civiletti, 629 F.2d 637, 642 (9th Cir. 1980)).
ANALYSIS
1. Strike 3 Holdings Establishes Good Cause for Early Discovery
Strike 3 Holdings has made a sufficient showing under each of the four seescandy factors listed above to establish good cause to permit it to engage in early discovery to identify the Doe defendant.
First, Strike 3 Holdings has identified the Doe defendant with sufficient specificity that the court can determine that he or she is a real person who can be sued in federal court. It alleges that the Doe defendant downloaded Strike 3 Holdings's copyrighted adult motion pictures and distributed them over the BitTorrent network. To download the movie, the Doe defendant had to direct his or her BitTorrent client to download the media file. These facts indicate that the Doe defendant is an identifiable adult who likely is the primary subscriber of the IP address or someone who resides with and is known to the subscriber. Strike 3 Holdings also has traced each download made to the Doe defendant's IP address to the Northern District of California, thus giving the court jurisdiction over the defendant and Strike 3's federal claim.
Compl. - ECF No. 1 at 5 (¶ 24), 6 (¶ 37).
Mot. - ECF No. 8 at 17.
Compl. - ECF No. 1 at 2 (¶¶ 8-10).
Second, Strike 3 Holdings has recounted the steps taken to locate and identify the Doe defendant. The Doe defendant downloaded and distributed Strike 3 Holdings's movies through his or her IP address, and his or her IP address was traced to this district. The IP address is not sufficient for Strike 3 to identify the Doe defendant.
Id.
Third, Strike 3 Holdings has demonstrated that its copyright claim could withstand a motion to dismiss. A plaintiff "must satisfy two requirements to present a prima facie case of direct infringement: (1) [he or she] must show ownership of the allegedly infringed material and (2) [he or she] must demonstrate that the alleged infringers violate at least one exclusive right granted to copyright holders under 17 U.S.C. § 106." Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc., 508 F.3d 1146, 1159 (9th Cir. 2007) (citing A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc., 239 F.3d 1004, 1013 (9th Cir. 2001)); see 17 U.S.C. § 501(a). Under Section 106, a copyright holder has the exclusive rights to reproduce, distribute, publicly display, perform, and create derivative works of the copyrighted work. Direct copyright infringement does not require intent or any particular state of mind. Fox Broad. Co, Inc. v. Dish Network, LLC, 905 F. Supp. 2d 1088, 1098-99 (C.D. Cal. 2012); Religious Tech. Ctr. v. Netcom On-Line Commc'n Servs., Inc., 907 F. Supp. 1361, 1367 (N.D. Cal. 1995). Strike 3 Holdings alleges that it holds the copyrights for the adult motion pictures that the Doe defendant downloaded (and thus copied) and distributed the movies without its permission. Strike 3 Holdings has sufficiently alleged a prima facie claim for copyright infringement.
Id. at 5 (¶¶ 28-33).
Fourth, Strike 3 Holdings has shown that the discovery it seeks is reasonably likely to lead to identifying information that will permit service of process on the Doe defendant. Strike 3 Holdings alleges that AT&T U-verse records should identify the Doe defendant.
Id. at 2 (¶ 5).
2. Protective Order
"[U]nder Rule 26(c), the Court may sua sponte grant a protective order for good cause shown." McCoy v. Sw. Airlines Co., Inc., 211 F.R.D. 381, 385 (C.D. Cal. 2002). The court issues the limited protective order described below because the ISP subscriber may be an innocent third party, the subject matter of the suit deals with sensitive and personal matters.
Here, as has been discussed by other courts in this district, the ISP subscribers may not be the individuals who infringed upon Strike 3 Holdings's copyright. See, e.g., Pac. Century Int'l Ltd. v. Does 1-101, No. C-11-02533 (DMR), 2011 WL 5117424, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 27, 2011); see also IO Grp., Inc. v. Does 1-19, No. C 10-03851 SI, 2011 WL 772909, at *1 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 1, 2011) (granting the plaintiff additional time to identify and serve the true defendant where a subscriber asserted that he did not infringe plaintiff's work, suggesting that someone else used his IP address to infringe the plaintiff's work, and the plaintiff claimed that it needed to take third-party discovery from the subscriber to try to identify who actually used the subscriber's IP address to allegedly infringe the plaintiff's work).
Additionally, requests for pseudonymity have been granted when anonymity is necessary to preserve privacy in a matter of a sensitive and highly personal nature. See Does I Thru XXIII v. Advanced Textile Corp., 214 F.3d 1058, 1068 (9th Cir. 2000). An allegation that an individual illegally downloaded adult motion pictures likely goes to matters of a sensitive and highly personal nature, including one's sexuality.
Accordingly, the court issues a protective order to the limited extent that any information regarding the Doe defendant released to Strike 3 Holding by the ISP will be treated as confidential for a limited duration. See IO Grp., Inc. v. Does 1-19, No. C 10-03851 SI, 2010 WL 5071605, at *2 (N.D. Cal. 2010). Specifically, Strike 3 Holdings must not publicly disclose that information until the Doe defendant has the opportunity to file a motion with this court to be allowed to proceed in this litigation anonymously and that motion is ruled on by the court. Id. If the Doe defendant fails to file a motion for leave to proceed anonymously within 30 days after his or her information is disclosed to Strike 3 Holdings's counsel, this limited protective order will expire. Id. Given the potential embarrassment associated with being publicly accused of having illegally downloaded adult motion pictures, if the Doe defendant includes identifying information within his or her request to proceed anonymously, the court finds good cause to order the papers filed under seal until the court has the opportunity to rule on the request. See id. at 3 (permitting party to file under seal a declaration with identifying information). If the Doe defendant includes identifying information with his or her request to proceed anonymously and the request is placed under seal, the court will direct the Doe defendant to submit a copy of the under-seal request to Strike 3 Holdings and will ensure that Strike 3 Holdings has time to respond.
CONCLUSION
The court GRANTS Strike 3 Holdings's Ex Parte Motion for Expedited Discovery with respect to JOHN DOE subscriber assigned IP address 108.198.213.54 as follows.
1. IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Strike 3 Holding may immediately serve a Rule 45 subpoena on AT&T U-verse to obtain the Doe defendant's true name and addresses. The subpoena must have a copy of this order attached.
2. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the ISP will have 30 days from the date of service upon them to serve the Doe defendant with a copy of the subpoena and a copy of this order. The ISP may serve the Doe defendant using any reasonable means, including written notice sent to his or her last known address, transmitted either by first-class mail or via overnight service.
3. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Doe defendant will have 30 days from the date of service upon him or her to file any motions contesting the subpoena (including a motion to quash or modify the subpoena) with the court that issued the subpoena. If that 30-day period lapses without the Doe defendant contesting the subpoena, the ISP will have 10 days to produce the information responsive to the subpoena to Strike 3 Holdings.
4. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the subpoenaed entity must preserve any subpoenaed information pending the resolution of any timely-filed motion to quash.
5. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the ISP that receives a subpoena pursuant to this order must confer with Strike 3 Holdings and may not assess any charge in advance of providing the information requested in the subpoena. The ISP that receives a subpoena and elects to charge for the costs of production must provide a billing summary and cost reports that serve as a basis for such billing summary and any costs claimed by the ISP.
6. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Strike 3 Holdings must serve a copy of this order along with any subpoenas issued pursuant to this order to the necessary entities.
7. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that any information disclosed to Strike 3 Holdings in response to a Rule 45 subpoena may be used by Strike 3 Holdings solely for the purpose of protecting Strike 3 Holdings's rights as set forth in its complaint.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Dated:
/s/_________
LAUREL BEELER
United States Magistrate Judge