Opinion
37281
September 23, 1937
Present, All the Justices.
1. AUTOMOBILES — Negligence — Driving without Adequate Brakes. — It is negligence to drive a truck without the adequate brakes required by the statute, section 2154(146) of the Code of 1936.
2. AUTOMOBILES — Collision with Motorcycle — Negligence — Driving without Adequate Brakes — Failure of Automobile Driver to Keep Proper Lookout — Case at Bar. — In the instant case, an action to recover for the wrongful death of a motorcycle rider who was killed in a collision with a truck at a street intersection, the truck driver testified that he did not see the motorcycle until it was entering the intersection and about twelve or fifteen feet away. Although there were trees and bushes in the intervening space between the two streets, either vehicle could have been seen by the operator of the other as they approached the intersection. The emergency brake on the truck was entirely out of order and there was evidence that the foot brake was not in proper condition.
Held: That the driver of the truck was negligent, since the truck was driven without the adequate brakes required by statute and it appeared from the driver's own testimony that he was not keeping a proper lookout.
3. JUDICIAL NOTICE — Matters of Common Knowledge — That Automobile Driver Cannot Apply Brakes Coinstantaneously with Seeing Necessity Therefor. — It is a matter of common knowledge that a driver of an automobile, unless forewarned of the danger, can not apply the brakes coinstantaneously with his seeing the necessity for doing so.
4. AUTOMOBILES — Collision with Motorcycle — Contributory Negligence — Making Left Turn Across Path of Automobile at Street Intersection — Case at Bar. — In the instant case, an action to recover for the wrongful death of a motorcycle rider who was killed in a collision with a truck at a street intersection, defendants contended that the principal question was whether the motorcycle rider was guilty of contributory negligence in making a left turn across the path of the truck, as defendants claimed he did. Decedent was proceeding slowly and reached the intersection first. While the truck driver testified that the truck was only twelve or fifteen feet away from the intersection when the motorcycle entered it and when witness first saw the motorcycle, marks on the pavement showed that one wheel of the truck skidded for thirteen feet up to the point of collision, so that the motorcycle must have been much farther away than fifteen feet when the truck driver first saw it — that is, when it entered the intersection.
Held: That it was not negligence as a matter of law for decedent to have undertaken to make a left turn at the intersection across the path of the truck which was proceeding at a moderate rate of speed, since he had the right to assume that the truck was properly equipped with brakes, and also had the right to assume that the driver had kept a proper lookout, had seen him and would accord him the right of way to which he was entitled under the law.
5. AUTOMOBILES — Collision with Motorcycle — Contributory Negligence — Sufficiency of Evidence that Motorcycle Ran into Automobile — Case at Bar. — In the instant case, an action to recover for the wrongful death of a motorcycle rider who was killed in a collision with a truck at a street intersection, defendants contended that decedent was guilty of contributory negligence in making a left turn when he drove into the intersection, and in running his motorcycle against the right front fender of the approaching truck without having seen the truck until the instant of impact. Neither of the eyewitnesses to the accident testified that decedent ran his motorcycle against the fender of the truck, and while there were marks on the truck from which the jury might have found that the vehicles collided in this manner, the motorcycle bore evidence of the fact that its front wheel was struck near the hub by the right front tire of the truck. The front lights and front part of the front wheel of the motorcycle were not damaged.
Held: That the jury was not bound to have found from the evidence that decedent ran his motorcycle against the right front fender of the truck, as claimed by defendants.
6. AUTOMOBILES — Collision with Motorcycle — Contributory Negligence — Sufficiency of Evidence to Show Motorcycle Rider's Failure to See Automobile — Case at Bar. — In the instant case, an action to recover for the wrongful death of a motorcycle rider who was killed in a collision with a truck at a street intersection, defendants contended that decedent was guilty of contributory negligence in making a left turn when he drove into the intersection, and in running his motorcycle against the right front fender of the approaching truck without having seen the truck until the instant of impact. The claim that decedent did not see the truck was based on the testimony of the two eyewitnesses who said that decedent's attention seemed to be engaged by the actions of his engine and that he looked up just at the moment of impact. Neither of the witnesses saw decedent until a fraction of a second before the impact and neither knew his actions before reaching the intersection.
Held: That the jury was not bound to have inferred from the evidence that decedent had not seen the truck before the moment of impact.
7. AUTOMOBILES — Collision with Motorcycle — Contributory Negligence — Presumptions and Burden of Proof — Case at Bar. — In the instant case, an action to recover for the wrongful death of a motorcycle rider, killed in a collision with a truck at a street intersection, defendants contended that decedent was guilty of contributory negligence as a matter of law in making a left turn in the intersection across the path of the truck. The truck driver and an eyewitness testified that the truck was proceeding at a moderate rate of speed, and the driver testified that he did not see the motorcycle until it was in the intersection and that he was then about fifteen feet away.
Held: That in the absence of any evidence to the contrary it was presumed that decedent did his duty as he approached the intersection — that is, exercised ordinary care for his own safety, looked out for other vehicles approaching the intersection, saw the oncoming truck proceeding at a moderate rate of speed, and knew that he would arrive at the intersection first and was entitled to the right of way.
8. AUTOMOBILES — Appeal and Error — Affirmance — Verdict Approved by Trial Court. — In an automobile accident case where the verdict was approved by the trial court, which heard and saw the witnesses, and was no doubt familiar with the scene of the accident, and the Supreme Court of Appeals cannot say that the judgment is plainly wrong, it is its duty, under section 6363 of the Code of 1936, to affirm the judgment.
Error to a judgment of the Hustings Court of the city of Roanoke. Hon. James L. Almond, Jr., judge presiding. Judgment for plaintiff. Defendants assign error.
Affirmed.
The opinion states the case.
Woods, Chitwood, Coxe, Rogers Muse, for the plaintiffs in error.
S. R. Price and Apperson, Rush Gentry, for the defendant in error.
This is an action for damages for the wrongful death of R. A. Paul, who was killed in a collision between a motorcycle which he was riding and a truck which was owned by Nu-Grape Bottling Corporation and driven by John H. Stratton. The trial below resulted in a verdict of $3,500 in favor of the administratrix, on which judgment was entered. We have to decide whether the evidence is sufficient to sustain the said verdict and judgment.
The collision occurred during the early forenoon of November 2, 1935, at the intersection of Hamilton Terrace and Piedmont avenue, in the city of Roanoke. The truck, fully loaded, was being driven southwardly downgrade along Hamilton Terrace. The motorcycle, with an attached sidecar, was being operated southeastwardly along Piedmont avenue, which is upgrade as it intersects the western side of Hamilton Terrace at an acute angle.
There were only two eyewitnesses to the collision, William J. Gallagher, a boy, who was standing on the porch of his home on the east side of Hamilton Terrace, about opposite the point of collision, and Stratton, the driver of the truck.
Gallagher testified that when he first saw the two vehicles the motorcycle was just entering the intersection. It was proceeding slowly and its engine was laboring. The truck was then proceeding at a "moderate speed" and was near the intersection. He heard the sound of skidding tires, the truck swerved to the left, collided with the motorcycle near the center of Hamilton Terrace, and came to a stop some distance beyond the point of the collision.
Mr. Paul, the witness said, "looked up" just at the moment of the impact.
The testimony of Stratton is practically to the same effect. He says that he was proceeding at a speed of approximately twenty miles per hour and did not see the motorcycle until it was entering the intersection and about twelve or fifteen feet away.
Two police officers were on the scene within a few minutes after the accident and testified as to the physical surroundings, the location of the vehicles, the marks on the pavement, etc.
From their testimony it appears that although there were trees and bushes in the intervening space between the two streets, yet either vehicle could have been seen by the operator of the other as they approached the intersection. There was one skid mark thirteen feet long, leading up to the point of the collision, made by one of the rear wheels of the truck.
Upon examination it was found that the emergency brake on the truck was entirely out of order. There was also testimony from which the jury could have found that the foot brake was not in proper condition.
[1, 2] We think there is ample evidence to justify the finding that the driver of the truck was negligent. In the first place it was, of course, negligence to have driven this truck without the adequate brakes required by the statute. (Acts of 1934, ch. 265, pp. 405, 406, Michie's Code of 1936, section 2154(146).)
Next, it appears from the driver's own testimony that he was not keeping a proper lookout. He admitted that he was looking "toward the river" and did not see the motorcycle until it was actually in the intersection, — only twelve or fifteen feet away, he says. And yet there is evidence that it was visible to him as it approached along Piedmont avenue, if he had only looked in that direction.
Counsel for the plaintiffs in error have frankly admitted that the evidence was sufficient to warrant the jury in finding that the driver of the truck was negligent. In their brief they say: "The principal question for this court to decide is whether Mr. Paul was guilty of contributory negligence in making a left turn when he drove his motorcycle from a place of safety into an intersection and half way across the intersection, and there ran his motorcycle against the right front fender of an approaching truck without ever having seen the truck until the instant of impact."
If Mr. Paul committed the acts with which he is here charged, he would undoubtedly have been guilty of contributory negligence. And, perhaps, the jury might have been justified in inferring from the evidence that he was guilty of those acts. But the question is, Was the jury bound as a matter of law to have found from the evidence that he did these things, or was it justified in finding that he did not?
The presumption is that Mr. Paul was free from contributory negligence, that he did what he should have done. The testimony is that he was a skilled operator of long experience.
Assuming that he was making a left turn across the path of the truck, as claimed by the plaintiffs in error, was it negligence as a matter of law for him to have done so? We think not. The uncontradicted evidence is that he was proceeding slowly and reached the intersection first. While Stratton says that the truck was then only twelve or fifteen feet away, yet the marks on the pavement showed that one wheel of his truck skidded for a distance of thirteen feet up to the point of the collision.
It is a matter of common knowledge that a driver of an automobile, unless forewarned of the danger, can not apply the brakes coinstantaneously with his seeing the necessity for doing so. In a recent pamphlet entitled "Sudden Death And How To Avoid It," the statement is made, based on studies made by the State Board of Public Roads of Rhode Island, that a motor vehicle, equipped with effective four wheel brakes, when proceeding at the rate of twenty miles an hour, under normal conditions, as here, will go twenty-two feet from the time of the discovery of the peril before the driver's "mind reacts to the situation" and before he begins the application of the brakes. If this statement is even approximately correct, we know from the fact that the truck skidded a distance of thirteen feet up to the point of collision that the motorcycle must have been much more than fifteen feet away when Stratton first saw it and realized that he must apply his brakes, — that is, when the motorcycle entered the intersection.
By J. C. Furnas and Ernest N. Smith, Simon Shuster, New York, 1935.
We can not say, then, that it is negligence as a matter of law for Mr. Paul to have undertaken to make a left turn at a street intersection in a city across the path of the truck which was proceeding at a moderate rate of speed. Mr. Paul had the right to assume that the truck was properly equipped with brakes; that the driver had exercised the proper lookout, had seen him and would accord to him the right of way to which he was entitled under the law.
Again, the jury was not bound to have found from the evidence that Mr. Paul "ran his motorcycle against the right front fender" of the truck, as claimed by counsel for plaintiffs in error. Neither of the eyewitnesses so testified. True it is that there were marks on the truck from which the jury might have found that the vehicles collided in this manner. But the motorcycle bore evidence of the fact that its right front wheel was struck near the hub by the right front tire of the truck. The front lights and the front part of the front wheel of the motorcycle were not damaged.
Nor do we think the jury was bound to have inferred from the evidence, as claimed by the plaintiffs in error, that Mr. Paul had not seen the truck before the moment of impact.
This claim is based on the testimony of young Gallagher and the defendant, Stratton, who said that Mr. Paul's attention seemed to be engaged by the actions of his engine and that he looked up just at the moment of impact. But this does not necessarily mean that he had never seen the truck before that time. Neither of the witnesses saw him until a fraction of a second before the impact. Neither knew his actions before reaching the intersection.
In the absence of any evidence to the contrary it is presumed that Mr. Paul did his duty as he approached the intersection, — that is, exercised ordinary care for his own safety, looked out for other vehicles approaching the intersection, saw the oncoming truck proceeding at a moderate rate of speed, and knew that he would arrive at the intersection first and was entitled to the right of way.
We thus see that the jury was not bound as a matter of law to have drawn from the evidence such inferences as have been drawn by the learned counsel for the plaintiffs in error.
The issue of contributory negligence of the deceased was fairly submitted to the jury. They have carefully considered all of the testimony and have viewed the scene of the collision. They have decided the issue in favor of the deceased. The verdict has been approved by the trial court, which heard and saw the witnesses and is no doubt likewise familiar with the scene of the accident. We can not say that the judgment is plainly wrong. Hence it is our duty under the statute to affirm it. (Code, section 6363.)
Affirmed.