United States Ex Rel. Rose v. Stephens Inst., 909 F.3d 1012, 1017 (9th Cir. 2018), cert. denied sub nom. Stephens Inst. v. U.S. ex rel. Rose, 139 S. Ct. 1464 (2019) (quoting United States ex rel. Hendow v. University of Phoenix, 461 F.3d 1166 (9th Cir. 2006)). "The FCA allows private individuals, referred to as 'relators,' to bring suit on the Government's behalf against entities that have violated the Act's prohibitions."

Hendow, 461 F.3d at 1174; United States Ex Rel. Rose v. Stephens Inst., 909 F.3d 1012, 1020 (9th Cir. 2018), cert. denied sub nom. Stephens Inst. v. U.S. ex rel. Rose, 139 S. Ct. 1464 (2019) (holding that post-Escobar, "the four basic elements of a False Claims Act claim, set out in Hendow, remain valid."). The Act's materiality and scienter requirements are "rigorous."