Opinion
A22A0264
06-07-2022
The STATE v. THOMAS et al.
Patsy A. Austin-Gatson, District Attorney, Brandon Mark Delfunt, Assistant District Attorney, for Appellant. The Chancey Law Firm, LeAnne Chancey Hicks; Stacy Susanne Levy, Decatur, Daniel Joseph Ortiz II, Roswell, Robert Lamar Booker, G. Richard Stepp, for Appellee.
Patsy A. Austin-Gatson, District Attorney, Brandon Mark Delfunt, Assistant District Attorney, for Appellant.
The Chancey Law Firm, LeAnne Chancey Hicks; Stacy Susanne Levy, Decatur, Daniel Joseph Ortiz II, Roswell, Robert Lamar Booker, G. Richard Stepp, for Appellee.
Pipkin, Judge. In a 45-count indictment, Shura Thomas, Delante Hamilton, Victor Urena, and Lorenzo Waller (collectively, "Appellees") were charged with, among other things, aggravated assault, armed robbery, and numerous violations of the Georgia Street Gang Terrorism and Prevention Act ( OCGA § 16-15-1 et seq. ). The State appeals the trial court's pre-trial ruling excluding evidence of the prior convictions of Thomas, Urena, and Waller against any defendant for any purpose. For the reasons discussed below, we affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand for further proceedings.
Only Waller and Hamilton have filed responsive briefs in this case.
The charges against Appellees arise from the assault and robbery of five men at a Gwinnett County apartment. The State expects the evidence to show that Tristi Edmond and Kelsey Augustin, who were indicted alongside Appellees, participated in a "bikini contest" at a local sports bar and then accompanied two of the victims to an apartment, where the women had agreed to perform a "private dance" for $200. While at the apartment, Edmond placed a call on her cell phone and, while talking on the phone, opened the front door to admit the masked and armed Appellees into the apartment. The victims were forced to the ground at gunpoint and robbed of their wallets and personal items; one victim was pistol-whipped. The State also plans to show that Appellees are members of a criminal street gang – specifically, the 3400 Black Migo Gang, a subset of the Black Migo Gang – and that the alleged crimes were committed in furtherance of criminal street gang activity.
Edmond and Augustin are not parties to this appeal.
As part of its pre-trial motions, the State filed a "notice and motion" to introduce a wealth of evidence of Appellees’ purported gang activity gathered during its investigation, including, as relevant here, certain prior felony convictions of Thomas, Urena, and Waller. The State sought to admit this evidence pursuant to OCGA § 16-15-9 and indicated its intent to introduce each defendant's prior convictions against all Appellees for purposes of proving the existence of a criminal street gang and criminal gang activity. In the motion, the State indicated its opposition to bifurcation of the gang-related charges and to severance of Appellees’ trials. Following a hearing, the trial court denied the State's motion "to admit any single defendant's conviction(s) in this multi-defendant case." Relying on our Supreme Court's decision in State v. Jefferson , 302 Ga. 435, 807 S.E.2d 387 (2017), the trial court concluded that "admission of any convictions of one co-defendant is unconstitutional to the remaining three co-defendants." As a caveat to its ruling, the trial court noted that if Appellees’ trials were severed, it would permit the State to introduce evidence of a defendant's own convictions at that defendant's trial, but the trial court reiterated that it would not allow the introduction of "any conviction against one in a trial of all four." It is from this order that the State appeals.
The State's motion also sought to admit this evidence pursuant to OCGA §§ 16-15-3 (3), 24-4-403, and 24-4-418 ; however, the trial court's ruling addressed only whether the evidence was admissible under OCGA § 16-15-9.
1. Before reaching the merits of the case, we must first address Waller's claim that jurisdiction over this matter rests with our Supreme Court because, he says, "the constitutionality of OCGA § 16-15-9 has been drawn into question[.]" We disagree.
The Supreme Court's exclusive appellate jurisdiction over constitutional questions "extend[s] only to constitutional issues that were distinctly ruled on by the trial court[.]" (Citation and punctuation omitted.) State v. Davis , 303 Ga. 684, 687 (1), 814 S.E.2d 701 (2018). And here, the record shows that the constitutionality of OCGA § 16-15-9 was not directly – or even indirectly – challenged below, and the trial court did not rule on it. Instead, the trial court's ruling was premised on the Jefferson decision, and on appeal, the State questions whether the trial court properly applied Jefferson to the facts of this case. The State's argument thus does not invoke the Supreme Court's appellate jurisdiction. See Woods v. State , 310 Ga. 358, 359, 850 S.E.2d 735 (2020) (Arguments that "require the mere application of well settled constitutional principles to the facts of [a] case ... provide no anchor for [the Supreme Court's] appellate jurisdiction.").
2. We turn now to the State's claim that the trial court erred by concluding that Jefferson mandates the exclusion of evidence of a defendant's prior convictions for any purpose at a joint trial. We conclude that the trial court erred in ruling that the prior convictions are wholly inadmissible.
"Like other evidence, the admission of evidence of gang activity is committed to the sound discretion of the trial court, and the court's decision to admit [or exclude] such evidence will not be disturbed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion." Taylor v. State , 304 Ga. 41, 46 (3), 816 S.E.2d 17 (2018). But as we have observed, the abuse-of-discretion standard "does not permit a clear error of judgment or the application of the wrong legal standard." (Citation and punctuation omitted.) State v. Johnson , 354 Ga. App. 447, 458 (2), 841 S.E.2d 91 (2020). OCGA § 16-15-9 provides that "the commission, adjudication, or conviction of [criminal gang activity, as defined by OCGA § 16-15-3 (1), (2) ] by any member or associate of a criminal street gang shall be admissible in any trial or proceeding" "[f]or the purpose of proving the existence of a criminal street gang and criminal gang activity[.]" In Jefferson , our Supreme Court considered the constitutionality of OCGA § 16-15-9, ultimately deeming it unconstitutional "to the extent that it authorizes the admission of the convictions of non-testifying non-parties as evidence of a criminal street gang." Jefferson , 302 Ga. at 443, 807 S.E.2d 387. As the Court explained, convictions of third-party gang members
that are used to show an underlying element of another defendant's crime are among the types of "plainly testimonial statements" that cannot be admitted into evidence without running afoul of Sixth Amendment protections where the defendant has not had a prior opportunity to conduct cross-examination and the witness is unavailable.
Id. at 442, 807 S.E.2d 387. Accordingly, the trial court's finding that the prior convictions of one defendant are inadmissible against the remaining co-defendants represents a faithful application of Jefferson , so we affirm that portion of the trial court's ruling.
The State does not appear to challenge this part of the trial court's ruling.
We cannot, however, affirm the remaining portion of the trial court's ruling – namely, that a defendant's own prior convictions are inadmissible against that same defendant at Appellees’ joint trial – as that ruling rests exclusively on an overly broad reading of Jefferson , a reading that is contradicted both by Jefferson itself as well as by subsequent decisions of our Supreme Court. See id. at 442 n.6, 807 S.E.2d 387. Indeed, the Supreme Court has repeatedly emphasized the limited scope of Jefferson ’s holding. Jefferson operates to exclude "evidence that third-party gang members have committed any of the [offenses enumerated in OCGA § 16-15-3 ]" for use as proof against a particular defendant. (Emphasis in original.) Anthony v. State , 303 Ga. 399, 409 (8) n.16, 811 S.E.2d 399 (2018). And our Supreme Court has been quite clear that Jefferson is not implicated where a defendant "objects to the admission of evidence of his own criminal activity (and not the criminal activity of third-party gang members)[.]" Id. Therefore, the trial court abused its discretion by relying on Jefferson to exclude evidence of a defendant's own prior convictions for use against that same defendant at a joint trial, so we reverse that part of its ruling and remand for further proceedings. See Johnson , 354 Ga. App. at 458 (2), 841 S.E.2d 91.
See also Overstreet v. State , 312 Ga. 565, 576 (2) n.8, 864 S.E.2d 14 (2021) ; Dunn v. State , 312 Ga. 471, 476 (2) n.4, 863 S.E.2d 159 (2021) ; McKinney v. State , 307 Ga. 129, 134-135 (2) (a), 834 S.E.2d 741 (2019).
We emphasize that our holding here is confined to the narrow question of whether Jefferson requires the wholesale exclusion of Appellees’ prior convictions. While there may be good reason to exclude evidence of one defendant's own prior convictions for use against that same defendant at Appellees’ joint trial, we conclude only that Jefferson does not supply such a reason. And because our holding is a limited one, this decision should not be read to express any opinion concerning whether the evidence of the prior convictions here ultimately should be excluded, a question which is reserved, at least in the first instance, to the trial court and its sound discretion. We thus leave it to Appellees on remand to raise further challenges to the admissibility of the prior convictions, should they choose to do so. We likewise express no opinion on the State's extensive arguments, which the trial court has not yet considered, regarding the admission of the prior convictions through avenues other than OCGA § 16-15-9. Judgment affirmed in part and reversed in part, and case remanded with direction.
Rickman, C. J., and Miller, P. J., concur.