Opinion
No. 2012–K–1281.
2013-04-1
STATE of Louisiana v. Donald K. SWANZY. State of Louisiana v. Donald K. Swanzy.
PER CURIAM.
The state and defendant have filed cross applications seeking review of the Fifth Circuit's decision affirming defendant's conviction and sentence on one count of felony theft over $500 in violation of La.R.S. 14:67, but reversing his conviction and sentence on a second count of felony theft over $500. We deny defendant's application in 12–K–1281, but grant the state's application in 12–K–1297. For reasons that follow, we reinstate the conviction and sentence vacated by the court of appeal.
The state charged defendant by bill of information with theft of $6,500 from Lloyd Michell, and in a second count with theft of $25,000 from Charles McGowan, by means of fraudulent conduct, practices, or representations. The charges stemmed from the post-Katrina, 2007 demolition of the TwiRopa Mill, originally a twine rope manufacturing facility later remodeled as a nightclub, on Tchoupitoulas Street in New Orleans. The demolition project brought Terry Kutcher, owner of Chisholm Trail Construction in Cashion, Oklahoma, to Louisiana in the spring of 2007, with associated heavy construction equipment, including a John Deere backhoe excavator and a John Deere 850 bulldozer. According to the state, defendant, owner of Diesel Truck Service on Destrahan Boulevard in Gretna and the original general contractor on the TwiRopa project, misappropriated both pieces of heavy machinery, sold them to Michell and McGowan, and then refused repayment after the equipment was seized by the police as stolen property.
After trial by jury in August 2009, defendant was found guilty as charged on both counts. The trial court sentenced him to concurrent terms of six years' imprisonment at hard labor on each count, suspended, with two years' active probation and three years' inactive probation. By the time of sentencing, and at the direction of the trial court, defendant had made full restitution to both victims. On appeal, addressing defendant's single assignment of error challenging sufficiency of the evidence, the Fifth Circuit affirmed defendant's conviction and sentence on count two charging the theft of $25,000 from Charles McGowan but reversed defendant's conviction and sentence for the theft of $6,500 from Lloyd Michell. State v. Swanzy, 11–0882 (La.App. 5 Cir. 5/8/12), 96 So.3d 498. The instant cross applications to this Court followed.
Testimony at trial indicated that the relationship between Terry Kutcher and defendant began well enough in the early spring of 2007, when Kutcher signed on as a subcontractor to demolish the TwiRopa facility and collect the remaining lumber and bricks in good condition for salvage. At the time, defendant was the general contractor on the project, and among the heavy equipment brought to Louisiana, Kutcher delivered to defendant's shop, Diesel Truck Service, in April 2007, a balky John Deere 850 bulldozer for an estimate to repair a damaged engine. Kutcher testified at trial and emphatically stated that he had asked defendant only for an estimate, not for actual repair of the bulldozer, although he also conceded it was possible, given that he was traveling back and forth to Louisiana from Oklahoma, someone else in his employ, although not authorized to order the repairs, might have done so anyway. Nevertheless, defendant sent a letter to Kutcher in Oklahoma at the end of June 2007 demanding payment of all outstanding invoices. Among the invoices were bills from Hydraulic Equipment Service, Inc. for building a dirt and concrete ramp to off-load the bulldozer at Diesel Truck Service and to repair two batteries. Kutcher testified that he had not personally authorized any repairs to the bulldozer and that the trailer on which it was delivered to defendant had its own ramp to off-load the equipment.
On the morning of July 23, 2007, or less than a month after defendant sent his demand letter to Terry Kutcher, Timothy Gooch, one of Kutcher's employees from Oklahoma who was living in a trailer across from the TwiRopa site, awoke to the sound of defendant knocking on his door. Defendant informed Gooch he was removing the equipment from the site but would give Gooch until the night to pack up and leave because he “needed to lock the place up.” Gooch testified that when he told defendant “you can't take this equipment, it's not yours,” defendant “basically said I'm going to do what I'm going to do. I can do whatever I want to do.” Gooch recalled that defendant “had several trucks there picking stuff up, and I wasn't going to get in the way of nobody.” Among the equipment removed by defendant from the job site was a 690 John Deere excavator belonging to Kutcher, a smaller John Deere Skid Steer, and at least one Dodge pickup, also belonging to Kutcher. The Skid Steer and Dodge truck had been picked up by Dale's Towing, a wrecker service located in Gretna and owned by Lloyd Michell, and taken to defendant at Diesel Truck Service. Gooch called the police, who responded but informed him the missing equipment was a civil matter and then left.
In the fall of 2007, the excavator, sitting in the lot at Diesel Truck Service, caught the eye of Charles McGowan, who was working across the street on a job at the Harvey Canal. When McGowan inquired about buying the excavator, defendant informed him that it was not for sale at that moment but he was working on a letter and would be able to sell it in within a month. Defendant had already placed a notice in The Times–Picayune on September 14, 2007 that he would obtain a permit to sell several pieces of equipment, including the 690 John Deere excavator, the 850 John Deere bulldozer, and the John Deere Skid Steer, if payment of repairs and storage fees were not made by October 25, 2007. Defendant had then sent a facsimile transmission to Kutcher on October 19, 2007 indicating that Kutcher owed repair and storage fees in an amount of $3,700 for the bulldozer and $5,500 for the excavator. A demand letter accompanied the bill indicating that defendant had the necessary permits to sell the equipment if he did not receive payment. Kutcher testified that he never received the transmission because it was sent to the wrong number but he had received by October 2007 at least five other invoices for storage and repairs of both the excavator and bulldozer in addition to the original invoices for the off-loading of the bulldozer and the servicing of the batteries at Diesel Truck Service in April 2007. In particular, one invoice, dated September 12, 2007, charged nearly $2,500 for towing and storage fees for the bulldozer. For the most part, the additional invoices came from Hydraulic Equipment Service, Inc. Kutcher testified that the invoices surprised him as he had not authorized repairs to either piece of equipment, or agreed to any storage fees, let alone towing fees for the bulldozer he had delivered to Diesel Truck Service in April 2007.
Kutcher informed jurors that he began working on recovery of his equipment immediately after he received the report of the taking from the TwiRopa job site and that after his efforts to secure a police report of the incident proved futile, he recruited private individuals to help him, including Jerry Blake, whom he sent as an emissary to defendant with a check to pay the invoices for the excavator and bulldozer and recover that much of his equipment. Kutcher testified defendant rejected the offer because “[h]e didn't want to release the excavator and dozer without releasing all of the equipment that he had on his lot.” That equipment included the John Deere Skid Steer removed from the TwiRopa site on July 23, 2007. Kutcher acknowledged that his relationship with defendant deteriorated over the spring of 2007 as both sides began submitting invoices to each other that neither side paid, and that the TwiRopa site was then shut down, only 75% completed, “for nonpayment.” Kutcher further acknowledged that the contract disputes arising from the TwiRopa project remained unresolved at the time of trial. But he flatly denied that the contract authorized defendant to seize any of his equipment if there were disputes over amounts owed.
Three weeks after their initial discussions about the excavator, defendant informed McGowan that he had the right to sell it and asked for $30,000. The two men agreed on a price of $25,000 in cash and the sale took place in defendant's office on November 6, 2007. McGowan used $8,000 of his own money and $17,000 borrowed from his lifelong friend, Lloyd Michell. A month later, McGowan purchased a 1981 LoBoy trailer from defendant to use in transporting the excavator. Timothy Gooch did not identify the trailer as one of the three pieces of heavy equipment removed from the TwiRopa site but it, too, belonged to Terry Kutcher, and for this transaction, defendant had gone through Total Recovery Professionals of Louisiana [TRPL] to obtain a permit to sell the trailer from the Office of Motor Vehicles.
Testimony at trial established that Towing and Recovery Professionals of Louisiana is a nonprofit trade association that serves as an agent of the Office of Motor Vehicles to process paperwork for storage facilities in the state, including towing companies, body shops, repair shops “that basically store[ ] vehicles or titled movables to go through procedures to report to legally charged storage and notify the owners of the property and, if the owners do not come and claim it, the owner and/or lien holder, then [TRPL] help[s] them go through the procedures to obtain a permit to sell.” The permit to sell is issued by the Officer of Motor Vehicles and allows the storage facility to sell the vehicle as if it had title to it. The testimony also made clear that the procedure for obtaining a permit to sell encompasses only registered vehicles capable of traveling on the highway and thus does not govern disposition of unregistered farm or heavy construction equipment. Diesel Truck Services is one of TRPL's customers and was involved in the permit to sell issued by the Office of Motor Vehicles for the sale of the 1981 LoBoy trailer that qualified although it is not a motorized vehicle. As explained by Jennifer Wall, a TRPL representative, the disposition of unclaimed heavy construction equipment by a storage facility is something of a grey area in Louisiana. She supposed that the facility would hold the equipment for at least 90 days and then run notices for it in the newspaper and “after that they would just contact counsel for legal advice on how they would pursue for disposal of something.” She made clear that TRPL would not be involved in that process and would not give that legal advice with respect to liens or writs of seizure, based on the assumption that at some point the courts would have to become involved. She also made clear, with respect to the 1981 LoBoy, that the permit to sell did not validate the lawful ownership of the equipment but meant only that Diesel Truck Service had complied with the procedures necessary to dispose of the equipment on a claim that its fees for storage and repair had not been satisfied.
Michell knew defendant personally and in discussions about the excavator, defendant informed him that he had obtained a mechanics lien on the machine and that he was selling it because “somebody had abandoned it on him.” When Michell expressed interest in the John Deere 850 bulldozer sitting on the lot at Diesel Truck Service, defendant claimed that it, too, had been abandoned and that he was selling the bulldozer for non-payment of repairs and storage fees. Defendant initially asked for $30,000, but readily accepted Michell's counter offer of $6,500, a steep discount that reflected the poor condition of the bulldozer's engine. The sale took place on December 20, 2007, but Michell refused to sign the bill of sale because a notary was not present. On the following day, another trucking service delivered the bulldozer to property owned by Michell across the parish line in Plaquemines Parish. Michell testified that taking the machine off the trailer took nearly two hours, as the engine would “stop and kill and stop and kill,” and they had to restart it by “jumping the batteries off of the battery charger.” He then determined that the engine had a cracked head gasket. At the time, Michell was unaware of any connection between the excavator in which he was a part investor and the bulldozer.
Shortly after the sale of the bulldozer, McGowan called Michell and informed him that his newly-purchased excavator had disappeared. McGowan reported the apparent theft to the police, but in looking around for the excavator on his own he learned that “the guy who owned the machine had stole it back from me.” In fact, Kutcher had used some self-help and recovered the excavator on his own with the aid of J.C. Trulan. The excavator eventually made its way to Dale's Towing, where it was recovered by State Trooper Andrew Pratt on July 24, 2008, after a meeting with Terry Kutcher, who had satisfied the trooper that he was the owner of the equipment. Ultimately, Kutcher allowed McGowan to use the excavator on a job for a couple of weeks and then reclaimed it and returned the excavator to Oklahoma.
In December 2008, Terry Kutcher contacted Trooper Pratt about his John Deere 850 bulldozer and satisfied the officer he also owned that piece of heavy equipment. By then, J.C. Trulan, with the aid of a deputy sheriff, had recovered the bulldozer from Michell's yard in Plaquemine's Parish and removed it to a location a couple miles away. On December 19, 2008, Pratt executed a search warrant for the location and recovered the bulldozer. Defendant's arrest followed. With the agreement of Terry Kutcher, the bulldozer was returned to Michell for storage.
After learning that the police were in the process of recovering stolen property from him, an irate Michell insisted on obtaining a notarized bill of sale from defendant for the bulldozer. They executed that document in the office of a local attorney, backdating it to December 20, 2007. Michell also insisted that defendant produce paperwork to prove that he actually obtained possession of the bulldozer through a mechanics lien. The men met in defendant's office and defendant handed Michell a thick file relating to the bulldozer for him to copy. Among the papers was an application to TRPL relating to storage of the bulldozer, although Michell knew from his own extensive experience in the trade that permits to sell do not issue for off-road, unregistered heavy equipment. The file also included a copy of the newspaper notice demanding payment for repairs to the excavator, bulldozer, and Skid Steer by October 25, 2007, and invoices relating to the excavator purchased by Charles McGowan with the help of Michell. After inspecting the documents, Michell realized for the first time the connection between the excavator and bulldozer because “both of them ... came from the same fellow in Oklahoma.”
Defendant insisted the sale was legal, but Michell hired a private investigator to look into matters and the investigator eventually put him in contact with Terry Kutcher, who cooperated in the return of the bulldozer to Michell for storage. Michell testified that he asked for his money back on both the excavator, for which he had paid the majority of the price, and for the bulldozer, but defendant refused, insisting that he “had done it right.” In fact, defendant had sent a letter to Lieutenant Terry Poche in the auto theft division of the Jefferson Parish Sheriff's Office, “mainly to have the necessary paper trial” for his records, stating that he had followed all of the legal requirements for taking possession of the equipment in his yard on Destrahan Avenue, including an advertisement placed in The Times–Picayune providing notice of the bills associated with the machines in his possession to all responsible parties, and asking Poche to contact him “to discuss the best way ... to handle this situation,” as he needed “to be certain before selling or disposing of this machinery that we have followed all rules and ... completed all necessary steps to obtain this equipment both legally and professionally.” The letter is dated November 7, 2007, or one day after defendant sold the excavator to Charles McGowan.
Defendant did not testify at trial but his defense emerged in the testimony of Valerie Oxner, an attorney who had representedhim for 15 years and who had set up several of his corporations for which he served as the director. Oxner assured jurors that both sales had been lawful and that because she and defendant were fully aware TRPL would not process the necessary paperwork for issuing permits to sell off-road, non-titled machines, she advised defendant to follow the procedures for executing mechanics liens provided by La.R.S. 9:4502. “As far as I know,” Oxner told jurors, “he followed all the proper procedures and he did it exactly as the law provided for, and it was legal.”
Oxner also testified about extensive correspondence with Terry Kutcher and Chisholm Trail Construction and emphasized that no claim had ever been made by Kutcher in the course of the paper trail that any equipment had been stolen from him. In fact, investigation of the sales as a criminal matter began in July 2008, a full year after the excavator had been removed from the TwiRopa site and over a year after Terry Kutcher had delivered the bulldozer to Diesel Truck Service. On the other hand, Kutcher never paid on invoices totaling $48,190 for repairs and storage fees accumulated from April to November 2007, a ruinous situation for defendant, who had “spent money buying parts and supplies to repair these vehicles and this equipment ... it was disastrous for him.” Oxner also underscored that no one involved in the investigation of the dispute between Terry Kutcher and defendant as a criminal matter had come to her for a statement and that the documentary evidence in her possession had thus never come to light before defendant was charged with misappropriation of Kutcher's equipment and theft of the cash provided by Michell and McGowan. Oxner indicated that she was “in the process of filing a civil suit against the parties to this matter to recoup the money” they owed defendant. On cross-examination, Oxner acknowledged that of various corporations she had set up for defendant, some of them had had their licenses revoked by the state for failure to submit annual reports. Among them was Hydraulic Equipment Service, Inc., which, as documented by the state at trial, had its license revoked in 2005.
As provided in La.R.S. 9:4502(A)(1), “[a]ny person engaged in the making or repairing of ... machinery ... or movable objects or movable property of any type or description, has a privilege on the thing for the debt due him for materials furnished or labor performed ... [and] such privilege continues as long as such thing remains in such place of business.” The statute further provides that when the machinery or movable remains in the place of business, the holder of the privilege may sell “such property at private sale and without appraisement, after advertising such property for ten days as provided by law in case of judicial sales of movables.” La.R.S. 9:4502(C). During deliberations, jurors requested a copy of the statute along with all of the documentary exhibits introduced at trial and inspected by them at the close of the state's case in chief. At the urging of both state and defense, the trial court declined the request and committed jurors to memory in deciding the case.
Reviewing all of this evidence on appeal, the Fifth Circuit panel concluded that with respect to the excavator, rational jurors could have found defendant had the requisite specific intent to commit theft by misappropriating the equipment and then selling it for cash to Charles McGowan. The lynchpin of that finding was the unrebutted testimony of Timothy Gooch who “specifically told defendant he could not take the equipment” from the TwiRopa site, “but defendant did so anyway.” Swanzy, 11–0882, p. 8, 96 So.3d at 502. The defense had no answer to that testimony and the court noted “[t]he fact that defendant attempted to obtain a repairman's lien on the excavator after seizing it does not negate the fact he took the excavator without permission with the intent to permanently deprive the owner of the excavator ... [and] then misrepresented to Mr. McGowan that he had the authority to sell the excavator, which he took without permission.” Swanzy, 11–0882 at 8, 96 So.3d at 502. Defendant had further refused to refund the $25,000 paid in cash for the excavator even after his “authority to sell ... was questioned and the excavator was seized as stolen property.” Id.
On the other hand, the court of appeal noted that unlike the excavator, Terry Kutcher had voluntarily delivered the bulldozer to defendant in April 2007, at least for an estimate for repairs, and thereafter never attempted to reclaim the machine before receiving an invoice in September 2007 for storage fees and before defendant then sold it to Lloyd Michell in December 2007, after he had run newspaper notices of his intent and consulted with the Jefferson Parish Sheriff's Office. The court of appeal further noted that “[t]he documentary and testimonial evidence shows defendant consulted an attorney, communicated verbally and in writing with Mr. Kutcher and other representatives of Chisholm Trail about the outstanding invoices and his intent to sell the bulldozer under a lien, and advertis[ed] his intent to sell the bulldozer under a lien in the newspaper.” Swanzy, 11–0882 at 11, 96 So.3d at 504. Although “cognizant that we may not substitute our judgment for that of the jury,” the court of appeal also observed that “the jury's conclusion cannot stand if the evidence is such that reasonable jurors must have a reasonable doubt.” Id., 11–0882 at 11–12, 96 So.3d at 504 (citing State v. Mussall, 523 So.2d 1305, 1311 (La.1988)). The court ultimately concluded that “reasonable jurors must have a reasonable doubt as to defendant's specific intent to commit theft” involving the bulldozer, as opposed to theft involving the excavator, because “the evidence shows nothing more than a personal dispute between the parties.” Id.
We agree with the court of appeal that the evidence presented at trial supported the jury's guilty verdict with respect to theft of the $25,000 paid by Charles McGowan for the excavator and, thus, defendant's application does not warrant the exercise of our supervisory authority. The application in 12–K–1281 is therefore denied. We find merit, however, in the state's application in 12–K–1297 that the court of appeal erred in setting aside defendant's conviction for the theft of $6,500 from Lloyd Michell because, even as it disclaimed any intent to do so, the court of appeal ultimately substituted its own appreciation of the evidence for that of the fact finder in concluding a rational trier of fact would necessarily have a reasonable doubt with respect to the specific intent necessary to convict defendant of theft. State v. Captville, 448 So.2d 676, 680 (La.1984) (“When a case involves circumstantial evidence, and the jury reasonably rejects the hypothesis of innocence presented by the defendant[ ] ... that hypothesis falls, and the defendant is guilty unless there is another hypothesis.... sufficiently reasonable that a rational juror could not ‘have found proof beyond a reasonable doubt.’ ”) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979)). A jury acting as the fact finder may reasonably reject the hypothesis of innocence offered by the defendant unless that hypothesis “is sufficiently reasonable and sufficiently strong [that] a reasonable trier of fact must necessarily entertain a reasonable doubt about guilt.” Captville, 448 So.2d at 678, n. 2 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
The circumstances involving the sale of Terry Kutcher's excavator and bulldozer, brought to Louisiana in support of the TwiRopa demolition project, were so inextricably intertwined that even in separate trials, the evidence would have been virtually the same to provide a narrative completeness “with power not only to support conclusions but to sustain the willingness of jurors to draw the inferences, whatever they may be, necessary to reach an honest verdict.” Old Chief v. United States, 519 U.S. 172, 187, 117 S.Ct. 644, 653, 136 L.Ed.2d 574 (1997). In assessing whether defendant had the requisite fraudulent intent with regard to the sale of Terry Kutcher's bulldozer, following the previous sale of Kutcher's excavator to Charles McGowan, rational jurors could take into account the testimony of Kutcher that he began working on the recovery of his equipment immediately after its removal from the TwiRopa job site and attempted to recover both his excavator and the bulldozer from defendant by sending his emissary to Diesel Truck Services with a check to pay the disputed invoices on those two pieces of equipment. Kutcher testified without objection that defendant had rebuffed that effort with a demand that he pay all invoices or free up none of his equipment. Kutcher was not specific as to dates, but rational jurors could find that the effort to reclaim the equipment took place before defendant sold either the excavator or the bulldozer, and find that evidence completely at odds with defendant's representations to Charles McGowan and Lloyd Michell that the equipment had been “abandoned” by its owner. Thus, although the bulldozer and excavator had traveled different routes to the same place at Diesel Truck Services, rational jurors could find that defendant had no more right to assert a claim of privilege in the bulldozer after Kutcher unsuccessfully tendered payment for it, and then represent that claim as a basis for selling the equipment to satisfy storage and repair costs, than he did in the excavator, which the evidence established had been removed without authority from the TwiRopa job site.
In addition, rational jurors could also take into account the supposed repairs of the bulldozer were performed on behalf of a corporation, Hydraulic Equipment Service, Inc., that had lost its license in 2005, that the repairs in no way addressed the problem of the cracked head gasket plaguing the bulldozer, and that at least some of the repairs may not have been performed at all, as Michell had to boost the batteries from a battery charger to off-load the sputtering bulldozer from its trailer. Rational jurors could thus take defendant at his word when he wrote to the Jefferson Parish Sheriff's Office in November 2007, after he had already sold the excavator, that he was doing so “mainly” to create a paper trial, which was no more a reliable indicator of his subjective intent than the invoices were a reliable indicator of repair and storage fees for both the excavator and the bulldozer, or, for that matter, the towing fees for the bulldozer assessed by Hydraulic Equipment Service, Inc., for a piece of equipment that had been delivered to Diesel Truck Service.
Rational jurors could thus find that the evidence in its entirety supported a finding that defendant converted not only Terry Kutcher's excavator but also his bulldozer to his own use in a fraudulent scheme to sell the heavy equipment to unsuspecting buyers on assurances the equipment had been “abandoned.” Rational jurors could thus conclude that whatever the civil ramifications of the case arising out of the unsettled contractual issues, the count involving the bulldozer, as well as the count involving the excavator, did not stem from only a personal dispute between the parties but properly charged defendant with felony theft in that, with the specific intent to deprive Lloyd Michell of his money permanently, he took something of value from Michell “by means of fraudulent conduct, practices, or representations.” La.R.S. 14:67(A).
Accordingly, the state's application is granted, the court of appeal decision is reversed in part, and defendant's conviction and sentence on count one for the theft of $6,500 from Lloyd Michell are hereby reinstated.