Although Officer Tompkins watched a partial videotape of Plaintiff allegedly shoplifting, neither Officer Tompkins nor any other police officer observed Plaintiff shoplifting. See State v. Leary, 133 N.H. 46, 573 A.2d 135, 136 (1990) (indicating that the "presence" requirement is met only when an officer, or a member of his law enforcement team, actually observes a misdemeanor occur); State v. Standish, 116 N.H. 483, 363 A.2d 404, 405 (1976); see also Topp v. Wolkowski, 994 F.2d 45, 48-49 (1st Cir. 1993). Defendant fails to cite any New Hampshire law supporting its proposition that a videotape alone provides a sufficient basis to satisfy the "presence" requirement for warrantless arrests under § 594:10(I)(a).
However, New Hampshire case law interpreting this provision quite strongly suggests that where one member of a law enforcement team has seen the violation, any member of the team can make the arrest. State v. Standish, 116 N.H. 483, 363 A.2d 404 (1976) (driving under the influence; vehicle was inoperable by time arresting officer arrived), citing State v. Cook, 194 Kan. 495, 399 P.2d 835 (1965) (arresting officer received information from airplane tracking highway speeds). Topp attempts to distinguish Standish, since the arresting officer in that case arguably had independent probable cause to believe that the offense had occurred (Standish was drunk, in his car, and crashed against a tree, enough to suggest to the arresting officer that he had driven the car into the tree).
Such an amendment would also bring Washington into line with state laws that already permit this team enforcement approach with regard to misdemeanors. See, e.g., Brown v. State, 442 N.E.2d 1109, 1115 (Ind.1982); Robinson v. State, 4 Md.App. 515, 243 A.2d 879 (1968); State v. Chambers, 207 Neb. 611, 299 N.W.2d 780 (1980); State v. Standish, 116 N.H. 483, 363 A.2d 404 (1976); State v. Lyon, 103 N.M. 305, 706 P.2d 516, 519–20 (Ct.App.1985); State v. Ash, 12 S.W.3d 800 (Tenn.Crim.App.1999).
We hold that a vehicle with a functioning engine is not inoperable, and does not lose its character as a vehicle, merely because it is immovable due to road or other conditions not involving the vehicle itself. Cf. State v. Standish, 116 N.H. 483, 484 (1976) (vehicle not rendered "inoperable" as a result of collision which caused extensive damage and which required that vehicle be towed from scene of accident). Therefore, the evidence was sufficient to prove that the vehicle in this case was operable and that the defendant was its operator.
' State v. Costello, 110 N.H. 182, 183, 263 A.2d 671, 672 (1970), and `circumstantial evidence may be utilized as proof of a crime, and eyewitnesses to the offense charged are not essential.' State v. Davis, 108 N.H. 45, 50, 226 A.2d 873, 877 (1967); 15 D. BLASHFIELD, AUTOMOBILE LAW AND PRACTICE 491.25 n. 18 (1969, 1974 Supp.) see 9 J. WIGMORE, EVIDENCE 2497 (3d ed., 1940).'" State v. Allen, 114 N.H. 682, 683, 327 A.2d 715, 716 (1974); see also State v. Standish, 116 N.H. 483, 363 A.2d 404 (1976); State v. Martin, 116 N.H. 47, 351 A.2d 52 (1976); State v. Craigue, 115 N.H. 239, 338 A.2d 548 (1975). The majority opinion seems to be based on a belief that the defendant's account of what transpired was not unreasonable and that the State offered no evidence to dispute his testimony.
Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 19 n. 16 (1968); Sibron v. New York, 392 U.S. 40, 62-66 (1968). Deputy Sheriff Farrar at the time he placed defendant under arrest had ample information of his own and that he had obtained from other officers, State v. Standish, 116 N.H. 483, 363 A.2d 404 (1976); United States v. Ventresca, 380 U.S. 102 (1965), to constitute probable cause to make the arrest. State v. Schofield, 114 N.H. 454, 322 A.2d 603 (1974).
1975). See State v. Standish, 116 N.H. 483, 363 A.2d 404 (1976). Defendants' exceptions overruled.
See Brown v. State, 442 N.E.2d 1109, 1115 (Ind. 1982); Robinson v. State, 243 A.2d 879, 887 (Md. 1968); State v. Standish, 363 A.2d 404, 406 (N.H. 1976); State v. Lyon, 706 P.2d 516, 519-20 (N.M.Ct.App. 1985).
See, e.g., State v. Cook, 399 P.2d 835, 836-39 (Kan. 1965); Silverstein v. State, 6 A.2d 465, 468 (Md. 1939); People v. Dixon, 222 N.W.2d 749, 751-52 (Mich. 1974); Henry v. Commissioner of Public Safety, 357 N.W.2d 121, 122-23 (Minn. Ct. App. 1984); State v. Chambers, 299 N.W.2d 780, 782 (Neb. 1980); State v. Standish, 363 A.2d 404, 404-06 (N.H. 1976); State v. Lyon, 706 P.2d 516, 519-20 (N.M. Ct. App.), cert. denied, 705 P.2d 1138 (1985); Prosser v. Parsons, 141 S.E.2d 342, 346 (S.C. 1965); State v. Bryant, 678 S.W.2d 480, 483 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1984), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 1192 (1985). However, we decline to follow these courts, and we reject the "police-team" qualification for warrantless misdemeanor arrests.
Still, other states have adopted this qualification on the basis that it does not infringe on the substantial rights of the defendant. State v. Standish, 116 N.H. 483, 363 A.2d 404 (1976). While elimination of the felony-misdemeanor distinction may merit consideration, this court must follow rules adopted by the supreme court. Alexander v. Delgado, 84 N.M. 717, 507 P.2d 778 (1973).