Summary
In State v. Matias, 143 N.C. App. 445, 550 S.E.2d 1 (2001), this Court recently upheld the trial court's denial of the defendant's motion to dismiss for insufficient evidence that he possessed cocaine recovered from a vehicle in which he was a passenger.
Summary of this case from State v. ButlerOpinion
No. COA00-245
Filed 15 May 2001
Drugs — felony possession of cocaine — sufficiency of evidence
The trial court did not err in denying defendant's motion to dismiss the charge of felony possession of cocaine, because: (1) sufficient incriminating circumstances exist to give rise to a reasonable inference that defendant knew of the presence of the plastic bag in the car containing marijuana and cocaine and had the power and intent to control its disposition or use even though defendant did not own or control the vehicle; (2) the plastic bag containing both marijuana and the tin foil in which the cocaine was hidden was found in the area of the car occupied solely by defendant; and (3) defendant was in the vehicle for at least twenty minutes prior to the vehicle being observed by the officers.
Appeal by defendant from judgment entered 14 September 1999 by Judge James C. Spencer, Jr. in Alamance County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 19 February 2001.
Attorney General Michael F. Easley, by Assistant Attorney General Clinton C. Hicks, for the State.
Craig T. Thompson, for defendant-appellant.
On 14 September 1999, defendant was convicted of felony possession of cocaine. Defendant appeals.
The State's evidence at trial tended to show that on 28 March 1999, at approximately 9:03 p.m., Officer Jesse Qualls and Officer Sam Epps were on off-duty patrol in the parking lot of the Creekside Apartments in Burlington when they observed a blue Buick vehicle, traveling approximately 5 miles per hour, drive past their patrol car. After the vehicle passed the officer's location, Officer Qualls, seated on the passenger side of the patrol car with his window down, detected a moderate odor of what he believed to be marijuana. Officer Qualls testified that this odor had not been present prior to the passage of the vehicle. The vehicle had a Tennessee registration plate, and this out-of-state plate furthered the suspicions of Officer Qualls. After the vehicle was parked, Officer Epps positioned the patrol car to block the vehicle.
Officer Epps approached the vehicle to question the driver. The driver did not respond to the officer's questions. Defendant, seated in the right rear passenger seat, spoke up to assist the officer in communicating with the driver. There were also passengers seated in the front passenger seat and the left rear passenger seat. Officer Epps testified that, upon approaching the vehicle, he too smelled what he categorized as a slight odor of marijuana. He was unable to determine whether the smell was burnt marijuana or unburnt marijuana.
Upon questioning, the driver did not present a driver's license, and Officer Epps placed him in custody for driving without a license. Officer Epps then ordered all of the occupants of the vehicle out of the car, and they were all patted down for weapons. Defendant exited from the right rear passenger seat of the vehicle. At no time did either officer notice any unusual or surreptitious movements by any of the occupants of the vehicle.
Officer Epps conducted a search of the vehicle incident to arrest, and discovered an unopened beer can in the front seat. Upon inquiry, Officer Epps determined that all of the occupants of the vehicle were under age. Officer Epps found a cigar located in the right front floorboard, a pack of rolling papers, and also noticed what appeared to be marijuana seeds in the carpet of the vehicle in various locations. Officer Epps also discovered a small plastic bag tucked in the crack between the back of the right rear passenger seat and the seat itself. In response to questioning by defense counsel, Officer Epps testified that the plastic bag "was found in the back right where the actual person would be sitting." This was the position in the vehicle occupied by defendant, and Officer Epps testified that in his opinion defendant was the only occupant of the vehicle who could have placed the plastic bag in the location where it was found. The plastic bag contained a green leafy vegetable material, identified as marijuana by Officer Epps, and a balled up piece of tin foil with a smaller plastic bag containing a small amount of a white powdery substance. As a result of this discovery, defendant was charged with possession of cocaine, while the other three passengers were charged with possession of marijuana. The white powdery substance was later identified as less than a tenth of a gram of cocaine. At the close of the State's evidence, defendant moved to dismiss the cocaine possession charge against him based on insufficiency of the evidence. This motion was denied.
Defendant testified that he was picked up from his house on the night of 28 March 1999 at around 8:40 p.m. by one of his friends and two other individuals. Defendant sat in the right rear passenger seat of a two-door Buick Regal driven by Jose Ramirez, whom defendant claimed not to know. The only individual that defendant knew, Miquel Salas, was seated in the front passenger seat. Defendant smelled cigar odor when he got in the vehicle, and smoked a cigar while he was in the car. Defendant testified that he had no drugs on him when he left his house, he did not know there were drugs in the car, and the drugs found by Officer Epps were not his.
At the close of all the evidence, defendant renewed his motion to dismiss, which was again denied by the trial court. Defendant was convicted and received a suspended sentence. Defendant appeals from this judgment.
Defendant argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to dismiss the charge against him as the evidence presented at trial was insufficient to support a conviction. We disagree.
"In ruling on a motion to dismiss, the issue before the trial court is whether substantial evidence of each element of the offense charged has been presented, and that defendant was the perpetrator of the offense." State v. Carr, 122 N.C. App. 369, 371-72, 470 S.E.2d 70, 72 (1996). Substantial evidence is relevant evidence which a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion. State v. Patterson, 335 N.C. 437, 439 S.E.2d 578 (1994). "All the evidence, whether direct or circumstantial, must be considered by the trial court in the light most favorable to the State, with all reasonable inferences to be drawn from the evidence, being drawn in favor of the State." Carr, 122 N.C. App. at 372, 470 S.E.2d at 72.
Defendant contends that the State's evidence was insufficient to prove defendant's possession of cocaine. An accused has possession of a controlled substance within the meaning of the law when he has both the power and intent to control its disposition or use. State v. Weems, 31 N.C. App. 569, 230 S.E.2d 193 (1976). Necessarily, power and intent to control the controlled substance can exist only when one is aware of its presence. Id. at 571, 230 S.E.2d at 194. "Possession of controlled substances may be either actual or constructive." Carr, 122 N.C. App. at 372, 470 S.E.2d at 73. Because defendant did not physically possess the cocaine on his person when it was found in the car, the State relied on evidence of constructive possession. Evidence of constructive possession is sufficient to support a conviction if it would allow a reasonable mind to conclude that defendant had the intent and capability to exercise control and dominion over the controlled substance. State v. Peek, 89 N.C. App. 123, 365 S.E.2d 320 (1988). "Proving constructive possession where defendant had nonexclusive possession of the place in which the drugs were found requires a showing by the State of other incriminating circumstances which would permit an inference of constructive possession." Carr, 122 N.C. App. at 372, 470 S.E.2d at 73.
This Court has held that the mere presence of the defendant in an automobile containing drugs does not, without additional incriminating circumstances, constitute sufficient proof of drug possession. State v. Weems, 31 N.C. App. 569, 230 S.E.2d 193 (1976). Defendant relies on Weems to support his argument that the evidence was insufficient to show defendant had possession of the cocaine. In Weems, the defendant was a passenger in the front seat of an automobile in which heroin was found. Some of the heroin was found hidden in the front passenger seat in close proximity to the defendant. There was no evidence the defendant had been in the car at any time other than during the short period which elapsed between the time the officers saw the defendant get in the car and the time they stopped and searched the car. As in the instant case, the defendant in Weems did not own or control the vehicle. However, the instant case is distinguishable from Weems in that sufficient incriminating circumstances exist to give rise to a reasonable inference that defendant knew of the presence of the cocaine in the car and had the power and intent to control its disposition or use.
In the instant case, the State provided substantial evidence that both Officer Qualls and Officer Epps detected an odor of marijuana emanating from the vehicle in which defendant was a passenger. Officer Qualls smelled marijuana when the vehicle passed the officer's patrol car, and Officer Epps smelled marijuana when he approached the vehicle and performed the search of the vehicle's interior. Also, Officer Epps noticed marijuana seeds scattered throughout the vehicle. This evidence is sufficient to give rise to a reasonable inference that someone in the vehicle was, or had quite recently been, smoking marijuana when the vehicle arrived at the apartment complex, and that the occupants of the vehicle had been passing marijuana around in the vehicle. This, in turn, gives rise to a reasonable inference that defendant was, in fact, aware of the presence of marijuana in the vehicle. The State also presented substantial evidence that the plastic bag, containing both marijuana and the tin foil in which the cocaine was hidden, was found in the area of the car occupied solely by defendant. Officer Epps testified that he found the plastic bag "in the back right where the actual person would be sitting." Defendant was the only occupant who exited the vehicle from the right rear passenger seat, and Officer Epps testified that in his opinion defendant was the only one in the vehicle who could have placed the plastic bag and tin foil containing the drugs in the location where it was discovered. Further, the evidence shows that defendant was in the vehicle for at least twenty minutes prior to the vehicle being observed by the officers. This evidence is sufficient to support an inference that defendant placed the plastic bag in the crack of the right rear passenger seat where it was found, and, therefore, had the power and intent to control its disposition or use. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, where sufficient evidence exists to support an inference that defendant knew of the presence of marijuana in the vehicle, and had the intent and capability to control the plastic bag in which it was found, we hold that there are sufficient incriminating circumstances to give rise to a reasonable inference that defendant had constructive possession of the cocaine found in the same plastic bag.
For the foregoing reasons, we find that defendant received a trial free from error.
No error.
Chief Judge EAGLES concurs.
Judge HUNTER dissents.