In the same vein, and although the right to have counsel present during custodial interrogation is not directly in issue in this case, I am concerned that the unwillingness of the majority to adopt the Stephan rule prospectively will come back to haunt us on that subject as well. Specifically, in the absence of the Stephan rule, enforcement of this court's holdings in State v. Mailo, 69 Haw. 51, 731 P.2d 1264 (1987), and Hoey, supra, may be virtually impossible. In Mailo, the defendant appealed the circuit court's order denying his motion to suppress statements made by him during a custodial interrogation, arguing that his rights to counsel and to remain silent under the fifth and sixth amendments to the United States Constitution and article I, sections 10 and 14 of the Hawaii Constitution had been violated.
See also Solem v. Stumes, 465 U.S. 638, 646 [ 104 S.Ct. 1338, 1343, 79 L.Ed.2d 579] . . . (1984). State v. Mailo, 69 Haw. 51, 53, 731 P.2d 1264, 1266 (1987). In Mailo, the defendant appealed the circuit court's order denying his motion to suppress statements made by him during a custodial interrogation, arguing that his rights to counsel and to remain silent under the fifth and sixth amendments to the United States Constitution and article I, sections 10 and 14 of the Hawaii Constitution had been violated.
In this connection, Carvalho cites only one legal authority. Carvalho relies on State v. Mailo, 69 Haw. 51, 731 P.2d 1264 (1987), to support his assertion that he invoked hisMiranda right to counsel during custodial interrogation. In Mailo, the following colloquy occurred after the interviewing police officer informed Mailo of his Miranda rights:
We note that, if this were the case, Officer Silva would have violated the well-established rule that "once the right to counsel has been invoked all questioning must cease.” State v. Mailo, 69 Haw. 51 , 52, 731 P.2d 1264 , 1266 (1987).
An accused invokes the constitutional protection against self-incrimination when he either remains silent or expresses "his desire to deal with police interrogators only through his counsel." State v. Mailo, 69 Haw. 51, 731 P.2d 1264 (1987). Thereafter, "he cannot be further questioned until counsel has been made available to him, unless the accused initiates further communication, exchanges or conversations with the police."
Hawai'i case law is clear that the constitutional right against self-incrimination under the Ha-wai'i Constitution is invoked when a person "either remains silent or expresses 'his desire to deal with police interrogators only through his counsel.' ” State v. Luton, 83 Hawai'i. 443, 453, 927 P.2d 844 , 854 (1996) (emphasis added) (quoting State v. Mailo, 69 Haw. 51 , 731 P.2d 1264 (1987)). Thus, under the Hawai'i Constitution, the mere fact that a person remained silent in the face of police questioning is enough to invoke the right to remain silent, and "express invocation” is not necessary.
See also Solem v. Stumes, 465 U.S. 638, 646 [ 104 S.Ct. 1338, 1343, 79 L.Ed.2d 579] . . . (1984).State v. Mailo, 69 Haw. 51, 53, 731 P.2d 1264, 1266 (1987).Id. at 34, 881 P.2d at 521 (brackets, ellipses points, and emphasis in original).
Once the right to counsel has been invoked, all questioning must cease. State v. Mailo, 69 Haw. 51, 731 P.2d 1264 (1987). Herein, once Ketchum was informed of his right to counsel, and thereafter refused to speak, Officer Itomura proceeded to request Ketchum's address.
More recently, however, we have applied the clearly erroneous standard to the findings on which the decision to admit the statement are based. See State v. Kaahanui, 69 Haw. 473, 481, 747 P.2d 1276, 1281 (1987); State v. Mailo, 69 Haw. 51, 53, 731 P.2d 1264, 1266 (1987); Lono v. State, 63 Haw. 470, 629 P.2d 630 (1981). In State v. Nelson, 69 Haw. 461, 469, 748 P.2d 365, 370 (1987) (citations omitted), we noted that
This is not just plain error; it is abject malfeasance in prosecutorial conduct. Edwards v. Arizona, 451 U.S. 477, 101 S.Ct. 1880, 68 L.Ed.2d 378, reh. denied 452 U.S. 973, 101 S.Ct. 3128, 69 L.Ed.2d 984 (1981); State v. Mailo, Hawaii, 731 P.2d 1264 (1987). See also Best v. State, Wyo., 736 P.2d 739, 742 (1987):