Summary
analyzing SDCL 22-22-1, which states that "[r]ape is an act of sexual penetration accomplished with any person under any of the following circumstances" followed by a disjunctive list connected with "or"
Summary of this case from State v. ChipOpinion
No. 23772.
Argued on April 26, 2006.
Decided June 14, 2006.
Appeal from the Circuit Court of the Seventh Judicial Circuit, Pennington County, Janine M. Kern, J.
Glenn A. Brenner, Pennington County State's Attorney, Jennifer B. Utter, Deputy Pennington County State's Attorney, Rapid City, South Dakota, Attorneys for plaintiff and appellant.
Paula D. Camp of Pennington County Public Defender's Office, Rapid City, South Dakota, Attorneys for defendant and appellee.
[¶ 1.] This case involves a claim of double jeopardy. After a jury acquitted Joseph Lafferty (Lafferty) of second-degree rape, the State of South Dakota charged him with third-degree rape. Both charges were based on the same alleged incident. The trial court concluded that the third-degree rape charge violated double jeopardy and dismissed the charge. The State appeals. We affirm.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
[¶ 2.] The charges against Lafferty arose from allegations by T.T., a fifteen year-old female, that Lafferty sexually penetrated her on March 15, 2004. On March 16, 2004, the State filed a complaint charging Lafferty with one count of second-degree rape in violation of SDCL 22-22-1(4) (victim unable to consent due to intoxication), and in the alternative, one count of third-degree rape in violation of SDCL 25-1-6 (incest). Subsequently, the State presented the case to a grand jury. The grand jury indicted Lafferty on the same charges, and the State dismissed the initial complaint. A few days before trial, the incest charge was dismissed. On December 21, 2004, a jury acquitted Lafferty of the remaining charge of second-degree rape under SDCL 22-22-1(4) (victim unable to consent due to intoxication).
The trial court advised the State of the irregularities in the indictment concerning the alternative count. SDCL 25-1-6 provides that incestuous marriages are "null and void from the beginning." It does not contain a criminal provision. On the other hand, SDCL 22-22-1(6) defines rape as sexual penetration of any persons "[i]f persons who are not legally married and who are within degrees of consanguinity within which marriages are by the laws of this state declared void pursuant to [SDCL] 25-1-6, which is also defined as incest." Incest constitutes rape in the third-degree. SDCL 22-22-1. The irregularity in the indictment was never corrected.
[¶ 3.] On December 30, 2004, the State again indicted Lafferty, this time for third-degree rape under SDCL 22-22-1(5) (statutory rape). The indictment alleged that on March 15, 2004, Lafferty sexually penetrated T.T., a person "being ten (10) years of age, but less than sixteen (16) years of age, at the time of said act of penetration." Lafferty moved to dismiss the charge. He argued that the December 30, 2004, indictment violated the United States Constitution and the South Dakota Constitution by putting his life in jeopardy twice for the same offense. The trial court agreed with Lafferty and dismissed the indictment. The State appeals and presents the following issue for our consideration:
ISSUE
Whether the trial court erred by dismissing a second charge against Lafferty for violation of SDCL 22-22-1(5) (third-degree statutory rape) brought subsequent to Lafferty's acquittal on a charge for violation of SDCL 22-22-1(4) (second-degree rape — intoxication of victim) arising from the same alleged incident.
DECISION
[¶ 4.] The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution states that no person shall "be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb." Similarly, the South Dakota Constitution states that "[n]o person shall . . . be twice put in jeopardy for the same offense." SD Const Art VI, § 9. These prohibitions against double jeopardy protect against multiple prosecutions for the same offense after acquittal, multiple prosecutions for the same offense after conviction, and multiple punishments for the same offense. State v. Weaver, 2002 SD 76, ¶ 11, 648 N.W.2d 355, 359. Violation of double jeopardy is a question of law. State v. Cates, 2001 SD 99, ¶ 6, 632 N.W.2d 28, 33.
[¶ 5.] This case presents us with an issue of a second prosecution after an acquittal. The State admits that both prosecutions of Lafferty involve the same conduct — the alleged sexual penetration of T.T. on March 15, 2004. The State argues, however, that double jeopardy is not implicated in this case because SDCL 22-22-1(4) (rape of an intoxicated victim) is a different offense from statutory rape under SDCL 22-22-1(5), and therefore constitutes a separate offense. If the two offenses are deemed separate, Lafferty has not been subjected to double jeopardy.
[¶ 6.] In order to determine whether the offenses are separate offenses, we first look to legislative intent. The United States Supreme Court has stated that "[w]here the same conduct violates two statutory provisions, the first step in the double jeopardy analysis is to determine whether the legislature . . . intended that each violation be a separate offense." Garrett v. United States, 471 U.S. 773, 779, 105 S.Ct. 2407, 2411, 85 L.Ed.2d 764 (1985) (emphasis added), quoted in Weaver, 2002 SD 76, ¶ 14, 648 N.W.2d at 361. Thus, "when the same act violates two statutory provisions, whether one act is punishable as separate offenses raises a question of legislative intent." State v. Dillon, 2001 SD 97, ¶ 14, 632 N.W.2d 37, 43. The true intent of the Legislature is ascertained primarily from the language of the statute. State v. Bordeaux, 2006 SD 12, ¶ 8, 710 N.W.2d 169, 172. Therefore, we turn to the language of the rape statute, SDCL 22-22-1.
[¶ 7.] In its entirety, SDCL 22-22-1 provides:
Rape is an act of sexual penetration accomplished with any person under any of the following circumstances:
(1) If the victim is less than ten years of age; or
(2) Through the use of force, coercion, or threats of immediate and great bodily harm against the victim or other persons within the victim's presence, accompanied by apparent power of execution; or
(3) If the victim is incapable, because of physical or mental incapacity, of giving consent to such act; or
(4) If the victim is incapable of giving consent because of any intoxicating, narcotic, or anesthetic agent or hypnosis; or
(5) If the victim is ten years of age, but less than sixteen years of age, and the perpetrator is at least three years older than the victim; or
(6) If persons who are not legally married and who are within degrees of consanguinity within which marriages are by the laws of this state declared void pursuant to [SDCL] 25-1-6, which is also defined as incest; or
(7) If the victim is ten years of age but less than eighteen years of age and is the child of a spouse or former spouse of the perpetrator.
A violation of subdivision (1) of this section is rape in the first degree, which is a Class 1 felony. A violation of subdivision (2), (3), or (4) of this section is rape in the second degree, which is a Class 2 felony. A violation of subdivision (5), (6), or (7) of this section is rape in the third degree, which is a Class 3 felony. Notwithstanding [SDCL] 23A-42-2 a charge brought pursuant to this section may be commenced at any time prior to the time the victim becomes age twenty-five or within seven years of the commission of the crime, whichever is longer.
The language of the statute defines the crime of rape in seven different subsections. Each subsection is listed in the disjunctive; that is, each subsection is separated by the disjunctive word "or." The Legislature's use of the disjunctive indicates that rape is one offense which may be accomplished by seven different ways.
[¶ 8.] We have acknowledged the significance of the legislative use of the disjunctive in defining conduct which constitutes aggravated assault in SDCL 22-18-1.1. We considered that statute in State v. Baker, wherein a defendant was charged, convicted, and sentenced for two counts of aggravated assault, one for "[a]ttempt[ing] to cause, or knowingly caus[ing], bodily injury to another with a dangerous weapon" under SDCL 28-18.1.1(2) and a second for "[a]ssault[ing] another with intent to commit bodily injury which results in serious bodily injury" under SDCL 22-18-1.1(4). 440 N.W.2d 284, 285 (S.D. 1989). When considering a double jeopardy challenge under that statute, we determined "that SDCL 22-18-1.1 does not contain four separate offenses, but rather describes one violation that may be established in four different ways." Id. at 293. We confirmed that conclusion in State v. Morato when we noted that Baker "holds that SDCL 22-18-1.1 describes one offense that may be established four different ways." 2000 SD 149, ¶ 27, 619 N.W.2d 655, 663. Even more recently, in State v. Chavez, we noted
"SDCL 22-18-1.1 does not contain four separate offenses, but rather describes one violation that may be established in four different ways. . . . Each of the counts describes a different method of accomplishing the offense, but there was only one offense committed. . . ."
2002 SD 84, ¶ 16, 649 N.W.2d 586, 593 (quoting Baker, 440 N.W.2d at 293)).
[¶ 9.] We reach the same conclusion here. The plain, unambiguous language of SDCL 22-22-1 defines rape as one of seven possible circumstances. The statute is devoid of language indicating a clear intent to define separate offenses. Consequently, the statutory language does not suggest that the Legislature intended to define seven separate and distinct offenses. Indeed, the language of the statute leads to the opposite conclusion. SDCL 22-22-1 defines one offense which may be accomplished in seven different ways.
[¶ 10.] The State urges us to rely solely on the test set forth in Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299, 52 S.Ct. 180, 76 L.Ed. 306 (1932). The Blockburger test states that "`where the same act or transaction constitutes a violation of two distinct statutory provisions, the test to be applied to determine whether there are two offenses or only one is whether each provision requires proof of an additional fact which the other does not.'" Dillon, 2001 SD 97, ¶ 14, 632 N.W.2d at 43 (quoting Blockburger, 284 U.S. at 304, 52 S.Ct. at 182, 76 L.Ed. 306). Because the charge of statutory rape requires proof of an additional fact from the charge of rape of an intoxicated victim, the State claims Lafferty was charged with two different offenses.
[¶ 11.] In this case, however, the Blockburger test is not dispositive. We have clearly stated that the Blockburger test is merely "`a rule of statutory construction to help determine legislative intent.'" Dillon, 2001 SD 97, ¶ 14, 632 N.W.2d at 43 (quoting Garrett, 471 U.S. at 778-79, 105 S.Ct. at 2411, 85 L.Ed.2d 764); see also Weaver, 2002 SD 76, ¶ 14, 648 N.W.2d at 361. The Blockburger test "`is not controlling when the legislative intent is clear from the face of the statute or the legislative history.'" Id. (quoting Garrett, 471 U.S. at 779, 105 S.Ct. at 2411, 85 L.Ed.2d 764) (emphasis added); see also Weaver, 2002 SD 76, ¶ 14, 648 N.W.2d at 361. Further, even if "the Blockburger analysis arrives at a result contrary to the `language, structure, and legislative history' of the statute, the ` Blockburger presumption must of course yield to a plainly expressed contrary view on the part of the legislature.'" Weaver, 2002 SD 76, ¶ 14, 648 N.W.2d at 361 (citation omitted) (emphasis added).
[¶ 12.] In this case, the plain language of SDCL 22-22-1 evidences the legislative intent to define one offense. Cf. Morato, 2000 SD 149, ¶ 27, 619 N.W.2d at 663; Baker, 440 N.W.2d at 293. Further inquiry into the elements of a criminal statute is unnecessary where the Legislature's intent is clear. Thus, we need not employ Blockburger because the language of the statute is controlling. Garrett, 471 U.S. at 778-79, 105 S.Ct. at 2411, 85 L.Ed.2d 764; Weaver, 2002 SD 76, ¶ 14, 648 N.W.2d at 361; Dillon, 2001 SD 97, ¶ 14, 632 N.W.2d at 43-44.
[¶ 13.] Lafferty was put in jeopardy twice for the same offense. After being acquitted of rape by a jury, he faced a second prosecution for the same alleged rape. Both the United States Constitution and the South Dakota Constitution protect him from such relitigation. The protection against double jeopardy "`serves a constitutional policy of finality for the defendant's benefit. That policy protects the accused from attempts to relitigate the facts underlying a prior acquittal. . . .'" Weaver, 2002 SD 76, ¶ 12, 648 N.W.2d at 360 (quoting Brown v. Ohio, 432 U.S. 161, 165-66, 97 S.Ct. 2221, 2225, 53 L.Ed.2d 187 (1977)) (quotation marks omitted)). Not only does the protection of double jeopardy finalize judgments, but it also "protect[s] the defendant from prosecutorial overreaching." Garrett, 471 U.S. at 795, 105 S.Ct. at 2420, 85 L.Ed.2d 764 (O'Connor, J., concurring). As noted by Justice O'Connor,
"The underlying idea, one that is deeply ingrained in at least the Anglo-American system of jurisprudence, is that the State with all its resources and power should not be allowed to make repeated attempts to convict an individual for an alleged offense, thereby subjecting him to embarrassment, expense and ordeal and compelling him to live in a continuing state of anxiety and insecurity, as well as enhancing the possibility that even though innocent he may be found guilty."Id. (O'Connor, J., concurring) (quoting Green v. United States, 355 U.S. 184, 187-88, 78 S.Ct. 221, 223, 2 L.Ed.2d 199 (1957)). SDCL 22-22-1 defines but one offense, and double jeopardy prevents prosecution of Lafferty under SDCL 22-22-1(5) after his acquittal under SDCL 22-22-1(4).
[¶ 14.] Affirmed.
[¶ 15.] GILBERTSON, Chief Justice, and SABERS, KONENKAMP, and ZINTER, Justices, concur.