Opinion
No. 4222.
Argued December 1, 1953.
Decided December 21, 1953.
The provisions of Article 16th of the Bill of Rights relating to former acquittal do not operate to prevent the application of the doctrine of res judicata to criminal proceedings. In a criminal complaint charging the respondent with having in his control with intent to sell a certain allegedly obscene magazine issue in violation of R. L., c. 441, s. 14, as amended by Laws 1949, c. 256, s. 1, the prior acquittal of the distributor of the same magazine issue under a similar complaint was not res judicata entitling the respondent to a discharge in the proceedings against him as a matter of law. A complaint under the statute (Ib.) relating to obscene literature is not a proceeding in rem but a prosecution of the individual notwithstanding the fact that the same literature is involved in similar complaints against other persons.
APPEAL, from the municipal court of Manchester, upon a criminal complaint charging the defendant with having in his control with intent to sell the May, 1952, issue of the magazine "Gala" alleged to be obscene in violation of R. L., c. 441, s. 14, as amended by Laws 1949, c. 256, s. 1.
At the same time this complaint was brought, a similar complaint was tried before a jury in the Superior Court for Hillsborough County against the distributor of the same magazine. The jury acquitted the distributor under an instruction to the jury that the only issue before them was whether the 1952 May issue of the magazine "Gala" was obscene within the meaning of the statute. R. L., c. 441, s. 14, as amended by Laws 1949, c. 256, s. 1. The defendant moved to have the complaint quashed on the ground that the magazine "Gala" having been once adjudicated to be not obscene by the jury in the case of the distributor, the issue was res judicata as to this defendant. The motion to quash the complaint was denied and the defendant's exception was reserved and transferred by Wescott, J.
Louis C. Wyman, Attorney General, Elmer T. Bourque, Law Assistant and Conrad Danais, county solicitor, (Mr. Bourque orally), for the State.
William H. Craig and James B. Sullivan (Mr. Craig orally), for the defendant.
This prosecution was instituted under the provisions of R. L., c. 441, s. 14, as amended by Laws 1949, c. 256, s. 1, "AN ACT RELATING TO OBSCENE LITERATURE, PICTURES AND ARTICLES" which reads as follows: "14. PUBLICATIONS, POSSESSION, ETC. No person shall print, sell, lend, give or show to any other person, nor have in his possession or control with intent to sell, lend, give to, show to, any other person, any obscene or lewd or lascivious thing, object, book, pamphlet, magazine, newspaper, print or picture and no person shall circulate, display or post any advertisement of any such thing, object, literature or picture or cause it to be done." This appeal does not involve the question whether the magazine "Gala" is or is not obscene within the meaning of s. 14, nor does it involve the question whether the magazine is obscene under the statutory definition of obscenity contained in the novel statute passed by the 1953 Legislature. Laws 1953, c. 233. The sole issue in this case is whether the prior acquittal of the distributor of this magazine is res judicata of the present prosecution.
The defendant is correct in his contention that the doctrine of res judicata applies to criminal proceedings as well as civil proceedings. United States v. Oppenheimer, 242 U.S. 85, 87; Anno. 147 A.L.R. 991. See State v. Corron, 73 N.H. 434, 448. Merely because the defendant is protected by the constitutional safeguard against being placed twice in jeopardy for the same offense the N.H. Const., Pt. I, Art. 16th, does not operate to prevent the application of the doctrine of res judicata if its constituent elements are present. Sealfon v. United States, 332 U.S. 575.
The defendant relies on People v. Parelli, 93 Misc. 692; 158 N. Y. S. 644, which was a prosecution for the violation of a city ordinance which required a permit to sell newspapers at a certain place. A decision by another magistrate in a former prosecution for committing the same act at the same place under the same circumstances that the act did not constitute a violation of the law, was held to be res judicata and binding in the subsequent prosecution. The vital distinction between the Parelli case and the present case is evident since in the former the same defendant was involved in both prosecutions while in the latter there are two different defendants. "A prior conviction or acquittal ordinarily has no effect upon a prosecution of a different defendant even though both prosecutions were based on the same criminal activity. This is necessary because the guilt of the second defendant depends on proof of his own illegal activity and intent." Note, Developments in the Law — Res Judicata, 65 Harv. L. Rev. 818, 876 (1952). If the distributor of this magazine had been convicted, his conviction could not be used against this defendant who was not involved because he has a constitutional right to be confronted by all witnesses. Commonwealth v. Tilley, 327 Mass. 540. It is the general rule that the acquittal of one person cannot be pleaded as a bar to the prosecution of another. Commonwealth v. Sabean, 275 Mass. 546; State v. Murray, 238 Iowa 861; Commonwealth v. Coontz, 288 Pa. 74. There may be special circumstances where the crime involves concerted activity that the general rule does not apply. An example of this is where the acquittal of but one party to a conspiracy will bar the prosecution of the remaining conspirator (United States v. Austin-Bagley Corp., 31 F.2d 229, 233), but it is clear that none of these special circumstances are applicable to the present case.
The defendant argues that the prosecution in this case should be regarded as an in rem proceeding and that the determination made therein should be binding on all the world. It is plain that the statute punishing the possession and distribution of obscene literature involves solely the punishment of individuals rather than the forfeiture of obscene literature. The fact that the same magazine is involved in the prosecution of different individuals does not convert the criminal action from a proceeding against the person into one in rem. The doctrine of res judicata has no application to the facts of the present case and the motion to quash the complaint was properly denied. People v. Creegan, 121 Cal. 554; 2 Freeman, Judgments (5th ed.), s. 648.
Exception overruled.
All concurred.