Summary
holding that private security guard was not a state agent for purposes of Fourth Amendment where there was no evidence the state "instigated, encouraged, counseled, directed or controlled" his actions
Summary of this case from State v. GarciaOpinion
No. 6594-1.
October 15, 1979.
[1] Arrest — Citizen's Arrest — Merchant — Shoplifter. A merchant or his employee may make a warrantless arrest of a shoplifter for a theft committed in the presence of the arresting individual. No breach of the peace is necessary to permit such an arrest.
[2] Arrest — Resisting Arrest — Degree of Force. A party may not use deadly force to resist an unlawful arrest.
[3] Searches and Seizures — Search by Private Citizen — Scope of Constitutional Provision — In General. The protections of the Fourth Amendment are not applicable to a search conducted by a private citizen and such evidence as may result may be used by the State unless the search was made at the direction of, or in a close relationship with, law enforcement officials.
[4] Searches and Seizures — What Constitutes — Demand for Return of Goods. A demand by a private individual for the return of stolen goods does not constitute a search or seizure.
Nature of Action: A shoplifter arrested by a private security guard escaped custody of the guard by displaying a knife. He was later arrested by police and charged with assault while armed and possessing stolen goods.
Superior Court: The Superior Court for King County, No. 83729, H. Joseph Coleman, J., on May 4, 1978, entered a judgment of guilty.
Court of Appeals: Holding that the initial arrest and search of the defendant were proper, the court affirms the judgment.
Bruce D. MacLean, for appellant (appointed counsel for appeal).
Norm Maleng, Prosecuting Attorney, and Michael D. McKay, Deputy, for respondent.
Robert Walter Gonzales appeals his convictions for assault in the second degree while armed with a deadly weapon and possession of stolen property in the third degree. We affirm.
On October 19, 1977, a plainclothes security officer for a downtown department store saw Gonzales emerge from the rear of the men's outerwear department with a bulge under his overcoat and leave the store. The security officer, who had arrested Gonzales for shoplifting on two prior occasions, followed him to a barber shop. Gonzales entered the shop and sat down. The security officer returned to the department store where he determined that a leather coat was missing from the men's outerwear department.
Returning toward the barber shop, the security officer approached Gonzales on the street, identified himself as a store security officer and asked for the coat. Gonzales produced the leather coat from under his overcoat and the security officer, who was not armed, asked Gonzales to accompany him back to the store. When Gonzales tried to run away, the security officer grabbed him by the arm. Gonzales then displayed a knife and waved it at the security officer, who released Gonzales. Gonzales fled, but was subsequently arrested by police.
Gonzales contends that his arrest was unlawful and, therefore, (1) he had a legal privilege to use force in resisting his arrest by the security officer and (2) the evidence of his possession of the coat should have been suppressed.
[1] At common law in general, a private person may arrest for a misdemeanor only if it constitutes a breach of the peace and is committed in his presence. 5 Am.Jur.2d Arrests § 35 (1962). Numerous states, however, have statutes which permit the owner of a mercantile establishment or his employee to arrest for shoplifting committed in his presence. See, e.g., People v. Zelinski, 24 Cal.3d 357, 594 P.2d 1000, 155 Cal.Rptr. 575 (1979); State v. McDaniel, 44 Ohio App.2d 163, 337 N.E.2d 173 (1975). In states without such laws, courts have recently indicated that such arrests may be made under a common-law right. See Boquist v. Montgomery Ward Co., 516 S.W.2d 769 (Mo. Ct. App. 1974); State v. De Santi, 8 Ariz. App. 77, 443 P.2d 439 (1968); State v. Parker, 378 S.W.2d 274 (Mo. Ct. App. 1964); Ira v. Columbia Food Co., 226 Or. 566, 360 P.2d 622 (1961). While Washington has no statute concerning citizen arrests, the common law is applicable where not repugnant to the provisions of the state constitution or statutes. RCW 9A.04.060. The owner of a mercantile establishment or his employee may make a warrantless arrest of a thief whom he has observed shoplifting, even though no breach of the peace has occurred. This interpretation of the common law is in conformity with the Washington statutes granting civil and criminal immunity from liability to owners and authorized employees of mercantile establishments in actions arising from the reasonable detention of suspected shoplifters. See RCW 4.24.220; RCW 9A.16.080.
Here the security officer observed Gonzales leaving the store with a bulge under his overcoat. His conclusions were confirmed when Gonzales produced the missing leather coat from under his overcoat upon request. His subsequent arrest of Gonzales was lawful.
[2] Further, Gonzales exceeded his legal privilege to resist the arrest even if it was unlawful. As stated in State v. Rousseau, 40 Wn.2d 92, 95, 241 P.2d 447 (1952):
[T]he force used in resisting an unlawful arrest must be reasonable and proportioned to the injury attempted upon the party sought to be arrested, and he cannot use or offer to use a deadly weapon if he has no reason to apprehend a greater injury than a mere unlawful arrest.
There is nothing in the record which would justify Gonzales' threat to use his knife.
[3] The arrest was lawful and therefore the trial court properly denied Gonzales' motion to suppress evidence of his possession of the leather coat. Further, the fourth amendment to the United States Constitution, and the exclusionary rule thereunder, applies to state action only and not to the actions of private citizens. Burdeau v. McDowell, 256 U.S. 465, 65 L.Ed. 1048, 41 S.Ct. 574 (1921). There is no prohibition against the State's use of evidence or information obtained by a private citizen, even though by unlawful means, unless the actions of the private citizen were in some way "instigated, encouraged, counseled, directed, or controlled" by the State or its officers. State v. Agee, 15 Wn. App. 709, 713-14, 552 P.2d 1084 (1976). There is nothing in the record which indicates or even suggests that the State instigated, encouraged, counseled, directed or controlled the actions of the security officer here.
[4] Gonzales contends that private security officers in Washington are agents of the State by virtue of RCW 9A.16.080 and RCW 4.24.220, which bestow upon merchant security forces an immunity from liability for both criminal and civil prosecutions for false arrest or false imprisonment. We disagree. See People v. Cheatham, 263 Cal.App.2d 458, 69 Cal.Rptr. 679 (1968). We are aware of the recent decision of the California Supreme Court in People v. Zelinski, supra, but do not consider the arguments presented therein since here the private security officer "simply . . . demanded the return of the stolen merchandise." People v. Zelinski, supra at 367.
Affirmed.
WILLIAMS and DORE, JJ., concur.
Reconsideration denied January 29, 1980.
Review denied by Supreme Court May 23, 1980.