Thus, we review questions of constitutional law under the right/wrong standard. State v. Friedman, 93 Haw. 63, 67, 996 P.2d 268, 272 (2000) (internal quotation marks omitted). "[W]e review the validity of a defendant's waiver of his/her right to a jury trial under the totality of the circumstances surrounding the case, taking into account the defendant's background, experience, and conduct."
Thus, we review questions of constitutional law under the right/wrong standard. State v. Friedman, 93 Hawai‘i 63, 67, 996 P.2d 268, 272 (2000) (citations and quotation marks omitted). III.
Thus, we review questions of constitutional law under the right/wrong standard." State v. Friedman, 93 Hawai'i 63, 67, 996 P.2d 268, 272 (2000) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Barros argues at the outset that this error vitiates both his convictions, because both offenses are misdemeanors, punishable by up to one year in prison.
This serves several purposes: "(1) it more effectively insures voluntary, knowing, and intelligent waivers[;] (2) it promotes judicial economy by avoiding challenges to the validity of waivers on appeal[;] and (3) it emphasizes to the defendant the seriousness of the decision[.]" State v. Friedman, 93 Hawai‘i 63, 68, 996 P.2d 268, 273 (2000) (quoting United States v. Cochran, 770 F.2d 850, 851-52 (9th Cir. 1985) ). A defendant may waive the right to trial by jury either orally or in writing, provided that such waiver is knowing and voluntary, and comes directly from the defendant.
Thus, we review questions of constitutional law under the right/wrong standard. State v. Friedman, 93 Hawai‘i 63, 67, 996 P.2d 268, 272 (2000) (citations and quotation marks omitted). III.
"The validity of a criminal defendant's waiver of his or her right to a jury trial presents a question of state and federal constitutional law." State v. Friedman , 93 Hawai'i 63, 67, 996 P.2d 268, 272 (2000). "We answer questions of constitutional law by exercising our own independent judgment based on the facts of the case[.
" State v. Hanapi, 89 Hawai`i 177, 182, 970 P.2d 485, 490 (1998) (quoting State v. Mallan, 86 Haw. 440, 443, 950 P.2d 178, 181 (1998)) (citations omitted). State v. Friedman, 93 Hawai`i 63, 67, 996 P.2d 268, 272 (2000). C. Harmless Error
Thus, we review questions of constitutional law under the right/wrong standard. State v. Friedman, 93 Hawai‘i 63, 67, 996 P.2d 268, 272 (2000) (citations and quotation marks omitted). A waiver is the knowing, intelligent, and voluntary relinquishment of a known right. Thus, to determine whether a waiver was voluntarily and intelligently undertaken, this court will look to the totality of facts and circumstances of each particular case.
This right cannot be relinquished absent a knowing, intelligent, and voluntary waiver. State v. Friedman, 93 Hawai‘i 63, 68, 996 P.2d 268, 273 (2000). A waiver is knowing and intelligent when it is made with "full awareness of both the nature of the right being abandoned and the consequences of the decision to abandon it."
Questions of constitutional law are reviewed denovo under the right/wrong standard, with the appellate court exercising its own independent constitutional judgment based on the facts of the case.State v. Myers, 108 Hawai'i 300, 303, 119 P.3d 608, 611 (App. 2005) (internal quotation marks, citations, and brackets omitted) (citing to State v. Friedman, 93 Hawai'i 63, 67, 996 P.2d 268, 272 (2000)). The validity of a defendant's waiver of the right to a jury trial is reviewed "under the totality of the circumstances surrounding the case, taking into account the defendant's background, experience, and conduct."