Opinion
No. 4063.
Decided November 6, 1951.
A complaint which charged the respondent under R.L., c. 447, with making a lottery but failed to allege any particular act of the respondent which would constitute a violation of the statute does not meet the requirements of Art. 15 of the Bill of Rights and is invalid. The filing of an information for making a pretended lottery in violation of R.L., c. 447, following the dismissal of a complaint on a similar charge against the same respondent does not constitute double jeopardy if the offenses charged in the two proceedings are not the same. In determining whether the respondent is being charged with the same offense he has already been acquitted of the test generally used is whether the evidence necessary to sustain the present charge would have been sufficient to secure a legal conviction in the former charge. In making a lottery contrary to R.L., c. 447, by the acceptance of separate wagers from the same person on the same day on the results of different horse races, each wager accepted constitutes a separate lottery and is a separate and distinct offense.
COMPLAINT, in the municipal court of Keene, charging that the respondent on or about July 31, 1950 "did put up a lottery in such a way that an expectation of gain by luck or chance was made an inducement to pay for a share therein, in that the said Richard Donovan did accept the sum of $40.00 from one George Chicklas of said Keene, which $40.00 was the proceeds of wagers which had been placed on horse races . . . ." Verdict of guilty. Respondent appealed to the Superior Court and filed a motion to quash on the grounds that the. complaint "does not fully set forth a violation of law, and does not set forth sufficient facts upon which the respondent can prepare a defense." His exception to the denial of this motion was reserved and transferred by Sullivan, J.
Also two informations filed on December 27, 1950, one alleging that on or about May 6, 1950, Richard Donovan "did make and put up a pretended lottery . . . in that the said Richard Donovan did accept the sum of Ten Dollars from one Attilio Romano . . . as a wager on the result of certain horse races, which horse races occurred in the State of Kentucky and the Commonwealth of Massachusetts . . . ."; the other alleging that on the same date Richard Donovan "unlawfully did gamble on the result of a running race of horses at Suffolk Downs Race Track, situate at Boston. . ., and on the result of a running race of horses at Churchill Downs Race Track, situate in the State of Kentucky, in that the said Richard Donovan did accept from one Attilio Romano . . . the sum of Ten Dollars, said Ten Dollars being a wager on the result of said horse races . . . ."
Previously on October 10, 1950, a complaint filed in the municipal court of Keene charging that on or about the 6th day of May, 1950, Richard Donovan "did make and put up a pretended lottery . . . in that the said Richard Donovan did accept the sum of $3.00 from one Attilio Romano of said Keene, as a wager on a horse race. . ." was marked dismissed by the Presiding Justice on motion made by the respondent at the close of the State's evidence.
Respondent filed a motion to dismiss both of the above informations on the ground that they embody the same cause of action for which he was tried and dismissed on October 10, and trial of said informations would constitute double jeopardy. Respondent's exception to the denial of this motion was also reserved and transferred.
Gordon M. Tiffany, Attorney General, John N. Nassikas, Assistant Attorney General, Glen G. Davis, Law Assistant and Harry C. Lichman, County Solicitor (Mr. Nassikas orally), for the State.
Robert J. Doyle (by brief and orally), for the respondent.
The complaint now before us seems to be an attempt to charge the making of a lottery under R. L, c. 447. It is true that section 4 of said chapter provides that "a lottery may be described as a pretended lottery" and that "it shall not be necessary to allege or prove, upon trial, who is the owner of the property, nor who manages, conducts, or draws the lottery, or participates therein." However, it does not and cannot authorize the State to resort to a pleading less informative than that secured to the respondent by Article 15th of the Bill of Rights of the Constitution of New Hampshire.
Under our decisions to comply with the above article of our Constitution the indictment must inform the respondent of the nature and cause of the accusation with sufficient definiteness so that he can prepare for trial. State v. Story, 97 N.H. 141. Unlike the information filed December 27, 1950, charging a similar offense (pretended lottery), which in our opinion complies with this requisite, the complaint relating to conduct on July 31, 1950, fails to allege any particular act of the defendant which would constitute a violation of the statute and does not meet the requirements of our Constitution. State v. Liptzer, 90 N.H. 395, 396; State v. Gilbert, 89 N.H. 134, 136; cf. State v. Martin, (policy), 68 N.H. 463, 464; State v. Eames (a scheme called "Bank Night"), 87 N.H. 477. Consequently respondent's motion to quash should have been granted and his exception to its denial is sustained.
Respondent's motion to dismiss the two informations as constituting double jeopardy was properly denied however and his exception thereto is hereby overruled. We are assuming without deciding that the marking of dismissed on the complaint which respondent claims covered the same offense as that charged in the informations was equivalent to a verdict of not guilty rather than being a dismissal of the complaint because of defects therein for in that event the problem of double jeopardy would not arise. State v. Sherburne, 58 N.H. 535; State v. Cook, 96 N.H. 212, 213; 22 C.J.S. 383.
The question as to each information is, whether or not the respondent has already been acquitted of the same offense. The test generally used is whether the evidence necessary to sustain the information would have been sufficient to secure a legal conviction on the complaint. State v. Sias, 17 N.H. 558. State v. Labato, 7 N.J. 137; United States v. Huggins, 184 F.2d 866. "In other words, would the same evidence be necessary to secure a conviction in the case now before us as in the former prosecution." Ford v. State, 98 N.E.2d 655, 657.
One of the informations charges that the respondent on or about May 6, 1950, conducted a pretended lottery in that he accepted $10 from Attilio Romano as a wager on certain specified horse races. The complaint tried October 10, marked dismissed by the Court, charged that he conducted a pretended lottery on or about May 6, 1950, in that he accepted $3 from the same Romano as a wager on an unspecified horse race. If the respondent accepted on the same day from the same person different wagers on the result of different horse races, each wager accepted would constitute the conduct of a separate lottery or pretended lottery and would be a separate and distinct offense. Johnson v. Commonwealth, 201 Ky. 314. In our opinion the conduct of the pretended lottery charged in the information is a different offense than that charged in the previous complaint and there is therefore no double jeopardy.
The other information charges the respondent with the offense of gambling, a violation of R.L., c. 447, s. 7. This cannot by any criterion be said to be the same offense as that charged in the previous complaint which was that the respondent did make and put up a pretended lottery, a violation of R.L., c. 447, s. 1. State v. Sias, 17 N.H. 558; People v. Flaherty, 396 Ill. 304, 309; State v. Martin, 154 Ohio St. 539; Shirley v. State, 51 So.2d 702, 703.
Exceptions sustained in part and overruled in part.
All concurred.