Opinion
No. C2-97-1403.
Filed January 13, 1998.
Appeal from the District Court, Hennepin County, File No. 97040007.
Hubert H. Humphrey III, Attorney General, and
Michael O. Freeman, Hennepin County Attorney, Paul R. Scoggin, Assistant County Attorney, (for Appellant)
Barry V. Voss, Voss Hickman, P.A., (for Respondent)
Considered and decided by Klaphake, Presiding Judge, Huspeni, Judge, and Harten, Judge.
This opinion will be unpublished and may not be cited except as provided by Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (1996).
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
Respondent Willie Cager was arrested for fifth-degree possession of cocaine and unlawful possession of a firearm after he and his car were identified by an informant and searched. The state appeals from a pretrial order suppressing the evidence police found in respondent's car and dismissing the complaint for lack of probable cause supporting the complaint. Because we conclude that the informant's tip was reliable and that the police had probable cause to search and arrest respondent, we reverse the trial court's suppression order. Further, we reject respondent's claim that the order dismissing for lack of probable cause is nonappealable, and that the state's appeal of the suppression order was untimely. Finally, we remand for a determination of whether the amended complaint now includes essential facts constituting the narcotics offense.
DECISION I. Appealability and Timeliness of Appeal
Respondent challenges the appealability of the order dismissing for lack of probable cause supporting the complaint. A pretrial order dismissing for lack of probable cause is normally not appealable. See Minn.R.Crim.P. 28.04, subd. 1(1). An exception applies, however, if the dismissal is based solely on legal grounds. State v. Moe , 498 N.W.2d 755, 758 (Minn.App. 1993). Here, the court determined as a matter of law that the complaint was legally insufficient because it failed to establish that the substance found in appellant's vehicle was cocaine. Thus, the order is appealable.
Respondent also claims that the appeal of the suppression order is untimely because it did not occur within five days of the state's receiving the pretrial order as required by Minn.R.Crim.P. 28.04, subd. 2(8). During the five-day period, however, the state filed a motion for reconsideration. For pretrial appeals by the state in criminal proceedings, "a timely motion for clarification or rehearing extends the appeal time period." State v. Wollan , 303 N.W.2d 253, 255 (Minn. 1981); see State v. Montjoy , 366 N.W.2d 103, 107-08 (Minn. 1985) ("omnibus court" may entertain motion to reopen case before time period for pretrial appeal expires). Because the notice of appeal was filed within three days of the order denying reconsideration of the initial pre-trial order, this appeal is timely. See Montjoy , 366 N.W.2d at 107 (public policy reason for allowing extension of appeal period during pendency of rehearing or clarification motion is to allow district court to correct its errors).
II. Probable Cause to Search and Arrest
The state claims the trial court erred in suppressing evidence obtained from respondent's car because police had probable cause to search the car for contraband and arrest him. See U.S. Const. amend IV; Minn. Const. art. I, § 10 (citizens protected from unreasonable searches and seizures). Probable cause exists to conduct a search if "given all of the circumstances set forth, * * * there is a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in a particular place." Illinois v. Gates , 462 U.S. 213, 238, 103 S.Ct. 2317, 2332 (1983); see State v. McCloskey , 453 N.W.2d 700, 702-03 (Minn. 1990) (interpreting Minnesota constitution in accordance with Gates ). Probable cause exists to arrest if, under the totality of the circumstances, a prudent person would believe the person in question had committed a crime. In re Welfare of G.M. , 560 N.W.2d 687, 695 (Minn. 1997) ("probable cause standard is the same for both searches and arrests").
In this case, any probable cause determination depended on the reliability of the tip provided by the informant. See id. at 691 (information supporting investigative stop may be based on reliable tip). Information provided by an informant has probative value if the informant is reliable or acquires the information in a reliable manner. See State v. Filipi , 297 N.W.2d 275, 277 (Minn. 1980) (informant's tip may be used to establish probable cause if informant acquires information in "reliable manner" and police believe informant is credible or information is "otherwise reliable"). Thus, even if the informant is not reliable, the information provided by the informant may be reliable if it is corroborated by other information supporting the tip. Id.
The state concedes that the informant was not reliable because he had not provided information previously to the police. The state nevertheless argues that corroborating information supported the reliability of the tip. We agree. This informant set up a late-night drug deal with respondent in a phone conversation conducted while he was in the presence of police. During the conversation, the informant stated that he would buy cocaine and that the sale would occur in the next 10 to 15 minutes at an apartment complex parking lot. After the telephone conversation, the informant provided police with respondent's first name and a description of respondent and his vehicle, and told police that respondent could be carrying a gun.
Within the short time agreed upon, respondent was observed at the apartment complex, and both he and his vehicle matched the descriptions provided by the informant. There was some testimony at the Rasmussen hearing from which it could be inferred that the informant also identified respondent at the scene. Police approached respondent's vehicle and verified respondent's identity, including that his first name was "Willie." We conclude that at this point police had probable cause to conduct a search because there was a fair probability that they would find contraband in respondent's vehicle. See Gates , 462 U.S. at 246, 103 S.Ct. at 2336; McCloskey , 453 N.W.2d at 703. We view this case as analogous to Filipi , in which the supreme court concluded that where the informant/drug buyer's hearsay tip came "in a reliable manner — direct dealings with [the] defendant" and "independent information obtained prior to [the] defendant's arrest corroborated the hearsay," the police had probable cause to stop the defendant's car and arrest him as he drove to a controlled drug sale that had been arranged by the informant. Filipi , 297 N.W.2d at 276-77.
Respondent argues that the corroborative facts here were "easily obtained facts and conditions which by themselves are inadequate to support a finding of probable cause." See State v. Albrecht , 465 N.W.2d 107, 109 (Minn.App. 1991) (corroborating evidence included only drug seller's address and vehicle description without information on drug transaction) (citations omitted). We disagree. In this case, the police observed direct communication between the informant and respondent, and the information provided by the informant was verified prior to respondent's arrest.
Under these circumstances, sufficient corroborative facts existed to credit the informant's tip. See State v. Paul , 548 N.W.2d 260, 264 (Minn. 1996) (review of pretrial suppression order includes independent review of facts to determine whether evidence should be suppressed); State v. Kim , 398 N.W.2d 544, 547 (Minn. 1987) (to merit reversal of pretrial order, appellant must show "clearly and unequivocally" that trial court erred and that "the error will have a critical impact on the outcome of the trial"). We therefore reverse the trial court's suppression order.
III. Effect of Amended Complaint
Finally, respondent contends that even if the evidence was erroneously suppressed, the trial court properly dismissed the case for lack of probable cause because police did not include in the complaint proper proof that the substance in respondent's car was cocaine. See Minn.R.Crim.P. 2.01 (criminal complaint must include "essential facts" of offense). The original complaint referred to "field tests" done at the crime scene, but the investigator who testified at the Rasmussen hearing did not conduct the tests and could not specify how they were conducted. While a motion for reconsideration was pending, the state amended the complaint to include reference to the city chemist's lab test results, which verified that the substance was cocaine. In its order denying the state's motion for reconsideration, the trial court did not refer to the fact that the complaint had been amended and did not alter its ruling on dismissal of the complaint for lack of probable cause.
Although the state amended the complaint within seven days of dismissal of the case, the trial court apparently did not consider the amendment in denying the state's motion for reconsideration. See Minn.R.Crim.P. 17.06, subd. 4(3) (if dismissal allowed because of curable defect, state not barred from prosecuting same offense under new complaint filed within seven days of dismissal). As the trial court had no opportunity to rule on the amended complaint, we remand this issue for a ruling by the trial court.