Summary
In Buell, the court pointed out that the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution guarantee a criminal defendant the right to have a jury chosen from a fair cross-section of the community.
Summary of this case from Nelson v. Ford Motor Co.Opinion
No. CA85-055
Decided December 9, 1985.
Criminal law — Driving under the influence of alcohol — Constitutional law — Jury selection — Defendant's right to jury chosen from fair cross-section of community not violated where pool of prospective jurors chosen alphabetically, when — Prior convictions of same offense not an element of pending charge.
O.Jur 3d Jury § 63.
1. To sustain a challenge to a jury-selection procedure on the ground the procedure violated the criminal defendant's right to a jury chosen from a fair cross-section of the community, the defendant must show (1) the group allegedly excluded is a distinctive group in the community; (2) the representation of this group in venires from which juries are selected is not fair and reasonable when compared to the group's representation in the community; and (3) the underrepresentation is due to the systematic exclusion of the group in the jury-selection process.
O.Jur 3d Criminal Law §§ 2240, 2243.
2. In a prosecution for driving while under the influence of alcohol, the defendant's prior convictions for the same offense are not elements of the pending charge, and are relevant only in the application of the penalty enhancement provisions of R.C. 4511.99. To admit evidence of such prior convictions is prejudicial error which requires a reversal of the defendant's conviction.
APPEAL: Court of Appeals for Butler County.
Gerald G. Froelke, city prosecutor, for appellee.
James E. Cooney, for appellant.
Defendant-appellant, Lizabeth J. Buell, appeals her conviction of operating a motor vehicle while under the influence of alcohol in violation of Fairfield Codified Ordinances Section 333.01(a). Trial was conducted in the Fairfield Municipal Court on May 1, 1985, and a jury found appellant guilty as charged. The jury further found that appellant had been convicted of more than one violation of R.C. 4511.19 or a similar municipal ordinance within a five-year period immediately preceding the current violation. Appellant was sentenced to a term of ten months in jail, fined $500 and had her driving rights suspended for three years.
Fairfield Codified Ordinances Section 333.01(a), which is based on R.C. 4511.19, provides that: "No person who is under the influence of alcohol or any drug of abuse, or the combined influence of alcohol and any drug of abuse, shall operate any vehicle within the Municipality."
Appellant timely appealed her conviction and presents the following three assignments of error:
First Assignment of Error
"Lizabeth Buell was denied her right to a fair trial as guaranteed her by the United States and Ohio Constitutions because the pool of jurors assembled to try her did not fairly represent a cross section of the City of Fairfield in that her jury pool was intentionally composed only of persons whose surname began with the letters A thru H."
Second Assignment of Error
"The trial court erred in holding that where a third time D.U.I. offender stands trial the two prior alcohol-related driving convictions are an element of the latest D.U.I. charge, and thus must be alleged in the charging traffic citation, must be proved by evidence at trial, must form the basis for a jury instruction, and must be specifically addressed by the jury's verdict."
Third Assignment of Error
"After the trial court erred in requiring evidence of two previous D.U.I. offenses be admitted into evidence before the jury, it further erred in failing to instruct the jury at the time the evidence came in why it was being admitted and what limitations existed concerning its use."
Under the first assignment of error, appellant asserts that she was denied her constitutional right to a fair and impartial jury because the jury venire selected for appellant's case did not represent a fair cross-section of the community. The venire for appellant's trial consisted of fifty potential jurors whose surnames all began with the letters "A" through "H," inclusive. Omitted from this pool of potential jurors were citizens whose surnames began with the letters "I" through "Z." Appellant submits that it is the exclusion of this latter group of jurors which denied her the right to have a jury chosen from a fair cross-section of the community.
The Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution guarantee a criminal defendant the right to have a jury chosen from a fair cross-section of the community. Duren v. Missouri (1979), 439 U.S. 357; State v. Puente (1982), 69 Ohio St.2d 136 [23 O.O.3d 178], certiorari denied (1982), 457 U.S. 1109. In order to ensure this constitutional guarantee, the jury must be selected without the systematic or intentional exclusion of any cognizable group. State v. Malone (1984), 15 Ohio App.3d 123. However, "[u]nless prejudice to the defendant or the systematic and intentional exclusion of a group is shown, we will not reverse a judgment because of minor and technical defects in jury-selection procedures." State v. Strodes (1976), 48 Ohio St.2d 113, at 115-116 [2 O.O.3d 271], vacated on other grounds (1978), 438 U.S. 911; Puente, supra.
A defendant must demonstrate three factors in order to sustain a challenge to a jury-selection procedure on the basis that the procedure involves a violation of the fair cross-section requirement. First, it must be shown that the group alleged to be excluded is a distinctive group in the community. The second requirement to be demonstrated is that the representation of this group in venires from which juries are selected is not fair and reasonable in relation to the number of such persons in the community. Finally, the defendant is required to show that the underrepresentation is due to the systematic exclusion of the group in the jury-selection process. Duren, supra; Puente, supra.
In regard to the first prong, "[i]n determining whether a group excluded from jury service is a distinctive one, courts have looked to community prejudices towards the group." Puente, supra, at 139. It is extremely difficult to show that the excluded group in the case at bar is a distinctive group within the community. Even if it could be properly demonstrated that those jurors with surnames beginning with the letters "I" through "Z" constituted a distinctive community group, it becomes even more difficult to establish "community prejudices" towards the group. There is nothing in the record to show community prejudices against individuals whose surnames begin with the letters "I" through "Z."
Furthermore, the second element requires a defendant to "demonstrate the percentage of the community made up of the group alleged to be underrepresented, for this is the conceptual benchmark for the Sixth Amendment fair-cross-section requirement." Duren, supra, at 364. Again, there has been no showing of the percentage of the community which is composed of potential jurors with surnames in the "I" through "Z" range. Appellant's arguments that this particular section may be comprised of certain racial or ethnic groups whose surnames are more likely to begin with a letter excluded from the venire are speculative at best. We therefore find appellant's constitutional challenge to be without merit.
This is not to say, however, that we grant our imprimatur to the jury-selection procedure utilized by the Fairfield Municipal Court. When appellant objected to the venire, the trial judge stated that the list of jurors as compiled was the "way it comes down from the Secretary of State's office." Although there is nothing in the record to reflect the manner in which jurors are selected in the Fairfield Municipal Court, R.C. 1901.25 provides that municipal court jurors may be chosen and summoned by the jury commissioners as provided in R.C. 2313.01 to 2313.26. As the Supreme Court stated in Puente, supra, at 139: "* * * R.C. Chapter 2313 contemplates a random selection of jurors * * *." The court also noted that while the failure to follow the procedures of R.C. Chapter 2313 may not in and of itself require a reversal, it does not mean that such practices should be countenanced since "[i]t is only when these random procedures are followed that the criminal justice system will be insulated from challenges such as the present one." Puente, supra, at 139.
A procedure that ensures the totally random selection of jurors from the complete available group of eligible jurors would be the preferred and recommended practice to safeguard the constitutional right of a criminal defendant to a jury composed of a fair cross-section of the community. However, having found no prejudice to appellant in the procedure herein, we overrule the first assignment of error.
Appellant's second and third assignments of error question the admission of evidence of appellant's former convictions for operating a motor vehicle under the influence of alcohol and the trial court's determination that these prior convictions were elements of appellant's pending charge. The issue is whether such prior convictions are elements of a pending charge or if the prior convictions are only relevant to the penalty enhancement provisions of the DUI laws.
By virtue of our recent decision in State v. Jackson (Sept. 30, 1985), Preble App. No. CA85-01-003, unreported, we find error in the court below and reverse appellant's conviction. In Jackson, we found that the prior DUI convictions of an accused are factors to be considered in sentencing. The prior convictions are not elements of the pending charge because "the number of times the accused has been previously convicted of violating R.C. 4511.19 is not in any way relevant to the question of whether the accused again committed the offense." Jackson, supra, at 5. The statutory language of R.C. 4511.19 and 4511.99 reflects a legislative intent to make prior convictions a part of the sentencing procedure, not one of the elements required to sustain a conviction. Jackson, supra. See, also, State v. Cichy (1984), 18 Ohio App.3d 6. The fact that the case at bar involves the violation of a municipal ordinance rather than R.c. 4511.19 does not affect our decision since the Fairfield ordinance is modeled after R.C. 4511.19.
Since the prior convictions are not elements of the offense for which appellant was charged, it was error to allow evidence of the prior convictions to be submitted to the jurors, and its potentially prejudicial effect upon the jury was such that we cannot say beyond a reasonable doubt that, absent the evidence of the prior convictions, appellant would have been convicted. Jackson, supra. Accordingly, we find that appellant's second and third assignments of error are well-taken. The conviction is reversed and appellant is to be afforded a new trial.
Judgment reversed and cause remanded.
KOEHLER, P.J., and CASTLE, J., concur.
CASTLE, J., retired, of the Twelfth Appellate District, was assigned to active duty pursuant to Section 6(C), Article IV, Constitution.