Summary
noting that in the context of a killing committed during the defendants' escape from the scene of a robbery, "[w]hen a person takes with force or violence the goods of another from his person or presence and against his will, he has committed robbery. . . . [B]ut it does not necessarily complete the crime. It constitutes robbery so far as to render the perpetrator liable to conviction for it; but the act of robbery itself may be prolonged beyond the time when that liability is fixed."
Summary of this case from People v. GillisOpinion
(June Term, 1879.)
Practice — Power of Grand Jury — Record of Finding.
1. A bill of indictment returned "not a true bill" can not be reconsidered by the same grand jury, but a new bill may be sent.
2. It is as essential that the finding of a grand jury be recorded as the verdict of a petty jury.
LARCENY, tried at April Term, 1879, of NEW HANOVER, before Meares, J.
Attorney-General for the State.
No counsel in this Court for defendant.
The case states: This bill of indictment was sent to the grand jury at February Term, 1879, of said Court, and returned with the endorsement, "Not a true bill," and signed by the foreman. On a subsequent day of the same term the foreman consulted with the State's Solicitor, and was advised by him that the grand jury had the power to investigate the charge a second time and return another bill against the defendant if the testimony was sufficient. The foreman then sent for and obtained the bill which had been ignored; three additional (569) witnesses were sworn and sent before the grand jury, who proceeded to investigate the charge a second time; and they returned the bill into Court with the word "not" stricken out of the endorsement, but the same signature of the foreman.
At April Term, 1879, the Solicitor sent another bill against the defendant upon the same charge, which the grand jury ignored.
The defendant's counsel moved to quash the indictment and discharge the defendant, for that,
1. When a grand jury passes upon a bill of indictment and returns it to Court endorsed "Not a true bill," that is the end of the case so far as the grand jury of that particular term is concerned; and if they possessed the power to consider it a second time, then the foreman should have written his name a second time after striking out the word "not" from the first endorsement.
2. Because another bill had been sent against the defendant at this (April) term upon the same charge and had been ignored.
The Court held that the grand jury had the power to correct a clerical error within the proper time, but had no power to investigate the charge a second time upon the facts stated, and gave judgment sustaining the motion to quash, and Moore, Solicitor for the State, appealed.
The bill of indictment in this case was returned by the grand jury "Not a true bill," at the February Term, 1879, of the Criminal Court of New Hanover County. At the instance of the Solicitor for the State, the grand jury, during the same term of the Court, (570) were induced to send for the bill and give it a second consideration, who, after examining additional witnesses, returned the same bill into Court "A true bill," when, upon motion of defendant's counsel, the bill was quashed by his Honor, and the Solicitor appealed to this Court.
We are aware that the practice has obtained in some, if not all, of the districts of the State, when a bill has been presented by the grand jury "A true bill," and has been found to be defective, for the Solicitor to amend it and send it back to the jury to be acted upon a second time, and upon its being returned again "A true bill," no objection has been taken to its informality; for the reason, we suppose, that in such a case there is no inconsistency in the record of the findings of the grand jury. But this is a practice which has been rather tolerated by the Courts and the legal profession than warranted by strict law. Mr. Justice BLACKSTONE. holds that where a bill has been returned not a true bill, or not found, the party is discharged without further answer; but a fresh bill may afterwards be preferred to a subsequent grand jury. 4 Bl. Com., 305. From which it is to be inferred it was his opinion that a new bill for the same offense could not be sent to be acted upon by the same grand jury. But let that be as it may, we are of the opinion that the grand jury, having once acted upon a bill and returned it publicly into Court not a true bill, and a record has been made of its finding, it is a final disposition of that bill.
When the grand jury returns a bill into Court, it is the duty of the Clerk to record the finding of the jury; and this is so essential when the bill is returned "A true bill," the omission in that respect can not be supplied by the endorsement of the foreman, nor by the recitation in the record that the defendant stands indicted, nor by his arraignment, nor by the plea of guilty. It can not be intended that he was indicted; it must be shown by the record of the finding. The recording of the finding of the grand jury, it is said, is as sessential [essential] as the (571) recording of the verdict of the petty jury. Arch. Cr. Pl., 98 (Waterman's notes); 2 Hale P. C., 162; S. v. Cox, 28 N.C. 440.
When a bill is presented with the endorsement, "Not a true bill," and a record is made of the finding, and then the same bill is sent back to be reconsidered by the same grand jury, and is returned by them "A true bill," and a record is made of that finding, there is but one bill, as in this case, and the record of the finding is contradictory. In every such case a new bill should be sent.
PER CURIAM. No Error.
Cited: S. v. Harris, 91 N.C. 658; S. v. Ewing, 127 N.C. 559.