Summary
holding that qualified immunity applied where official's action was not "plainly incompetent" and the constitutional question was not "beyond debate"
Summary of this case from Nickler v. Cnty. of ClarkOpinion
No. 12-1217
November 4, 2013, Decided
PER CURIAM.
Around one o’clock in the morning on May 27, 2008, Officer Mike Stanton and his partner responded to a call about an “unknown disturbance” involving a person with a baseball bat in La Mesa, California. App. to Pet. for Cert. 6. Stanton was familiar with the neighborhood, known for “violence associated with the area gangs.” Ibid. The officers — wearing uniforms and driving a marked police vehicle — approached the place where the disturbance had been reported and noticed three men walking in the street. Upon seeing the police car, two of the men turned into a nearby apartment complex. The third, Nicholas Patrick, crossed the street about 25 yards in front of Stanton’s car and ran or quickly walked toward a residence. Id., at 7, 17. Nothing in the record shows that Stanton knew at the time whether that residence belonged to Patrick or someone else; in fact, it belonged to Drendolyn Sims.
Stanton did not see Patrick with a baseball bat, but he considered Patrick’s behavior suspicious and decided to detain him in order to investigate. Ibid.; see Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 20 L. Ed. 2d 889 (1968) . Stanton exited his patrol car, called out “police,” and ordered Patrick to stop in a voice loud enough for all in the area to hear. App. to Pet. for Cert. 7. But Patrick did not stop. Instead, he “looked directly at Stanton, ignored his lawful orders[,] and quickly went through [the] front gate” of a fence enclosing Sims’ front yard. Id., at 17, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 20 L. Ed. 2d 889 (alterations omitted). When the gate closed behind Patrick, the fence — which was more than six feet tall and made of wood—blocked Stanton’s view of the yard. Stanton believed that Patrick had committed a jailable misdemeanor under California Penal Code §148 by disobeying his order to stop; Stanton also “fear[ed] for [his] safety.” App. to Pet. for Cert. 7. He accordingly made the “split-second decision” to kick open the gate in pursuit of Patrick. Ibid. Unfortunately, and unbeknownst to Stanton, Sims herself was standing behind the gate when it flew open. The swinging gate struck Sims, cutting her forehead and injuring her shoulder.
“Every person who willfully resists, delays, or obstructs any . . . peace officer . . . in the discharge or attempt to discharge any duty of his or her office or employment . . . shall be punished by a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars ($1,000), or by imprisonment in a county jail not to exceed one year, or by both that fine and imprisonment.” Cal. Penal Code Ann. §148(a)(1) (2013 West Cum. Supp.).
Sims filed suit against Stanton in Federal District Court under Rev. Stat. §1979, 42 U.S.C. §1983, alleging that Stanton unreasonably searched her home without a warrant in violation of the Fourth Amendment. The District Court granted summary judgment to Stanton, finding that: (1) Stanton’s entry was justified by the potentially dangerous situation, by the need to pursue Patrick as he fled, and by Sims’ lesser expectation of privacy in the curtilage of her home; and (2) even if a constitutional violation had occurred, Stanton was entitled to qualified immunity because no clearly established law put him on notice that his conduct was unconstitutional.
Sims appealed, and a panel of the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit reversed. 706 F. 3d 954 (2013). The court held that Stanton’s warrantless entry into Sims’ yard was unconstitutional because Sims was entitled to the same expectation of privacy in her curtilage as in her home itself, because there was no immediate danger, and because Patrick had committed only the minor offense of disobeying a police officer. Id., at 959-963. The court also found the law to be clearly established that Stanton’s pursuit of Patrick did not justify his warrantless entry, given that Patrick was suspected of only a misdemeanor. Id., at 963-964. The court accordingly held that Stanton was not entitled to qualified immunity. Id., at 964-965. We address only the latter holding here, and now reverse.
“The doctrine of qualified immunity protects government officials ‘from liability for civil damages insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known.’” Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 231, 129 S. Ct. 808, 172 L. Ed. 2d 565 (2009) (quoting Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818, 102 S. Ct. 2727, 73 L. Ed. 2d 396 (1982)). “Qualified immunity gives government officials breathing room to make reasonable but mistaken judgments,” and “protects ‘all but the plainly incompetent or those who knowingly violate the law.’” Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 563 U.S. 731, 743, 131 S. Ct. 2074, 2083, 179 L. Ed. 2d 1149 (2011) (quoting Malley v. Briggs, 475 U.S. 335, 341, 106 S. Ct. 1092, 89 L. Ed. 2d 271 (1986)). “We do not require a case directly on point” before concluding that the law is clearly established, “but existing precedent must have placed the statutory or constitutional question beyond debate.” al-Kidd, 563 U.S., at 741, 131 S. Ct. 2074, 2083, 179 L. Ed. 2d 1149.
There is no suggestion in this case that Officer Stanton knowingly violated the Constitution; the question is whether, in light of precedent existing at the time, he was “plainly incompetent” in entering Sims’ yard to pursue the fleeing Patrick. Id., at 743, 131 S. Ct. 2074, 179 L. Ed. 2d 1149. The Ninth Circuit concluded that he was. It did so despite the fact that federal and state courts nationwide are sharply divided on the question whether an officer with probable cause to arrest a suspect for a misdemeanor may enter a home without a warrant while in hot pursuit of that suspect. Compare, e.g., Middletown v. Flinchum, 95 Ohio St. 3d 43, 45, 2002 Ohio 1625, 765 N. E. 2d 330, 332 (2002) (“We . . . hold today that when officers, having identified themselves, are in hot pursuit of a suspect who flees to a house in order to avoid arrest, the police may enter without a warrant, regardless of whether the offense for which the suspect is being arrested is a misdemeanor”), and State v. Ricci, 144 N. H. 241, 244, 739 A. 2d 404, 407 (1999) (“the facts of this case demonstrate that the police had probable cause to arrest the defendant for the misdemeanor offense of disobeying a police officer” where the defendant had fled into his home with police officers in hot pursuit), with Mascorro v. Billings, 656 F. 3d 1198, 1207 (CA10 2011) (“The warrantless entry based on hot pursuit was not justified” where “[t]he intended arrest was for a traffic misdemeanor committed by a minor, with whom the officer was well acquainted, who had fled into his family home from which there was only one exit” (footnote omitted)), and Butler v. State, 309 Ark. 211, 217, 829 S. W. 2d 412, 415 (1992) (“even though Officer Sudduth might have been under the impression that he was in continuous pursuit of Butler for what he considered to be the crime of disorderly conduct, . . . since the crime is a minor offense, under these circumstances there is no exigent circumstance that would allow Officer Sudduth’s warrantless entry into Butler’s home for what is concededly, at most, a petty disturbance”).
Other courts have concluded that police officers are at least entitled to qualified immunity in these circumstances because the constitutional violation is not clearly established. E.g., Grenier v. City of Champlin, 27 F. 3d 1346, 1354 (CA8 1994) (“Putting firmly to one side the merits of whether the home arrests were constitutional, we cannot say that only a plainly incompetent policeman could have thought them permissible at the time,” where officers entered a home without a warrant in hot pursuit of misdemeanor suspects who had defied the officers’ order to remain outside (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).
Notwithstanding this basic disagreement, the Ninth Circuit below denied Stanton qualified immunity. In its one-paragraph analysis on the hot pursuit point, the panel relied on two cases, one from this Court, Welsh v. Wisconsin, 466 U.S. 740, 750, 104 S. Ct. 2091, 80 L. Ed. 2d 732 (1984), and one from its own, United States v. Johnson, 256 F. 3d 895, 908 (2001) (en banc) ( per curiam). Neither case clearly establishes that Stanton violated Sims’ Fourth Amendment rights.
In Welsh, police officers learned from a witness that Edward Welsh had driven his car off the road and then left the scene, presumably because he was drunk. Acting on that tip, the officers went to Welsh’s home without a warrant, entered without consent, and arrested him for driving while intoxicated — a nonjailable traffic offense under state law. 466 U.S., at 742-743, 104 S. Ct. 2091, 80 L. Ed. 2d 732. Our opinion first noted our precedent holding that hot pursuit of a fleeing felon justifies an officer’s warrantless entry. Id., at 750, 104 S. Ct. 2091, 80 L. Ed. 2d 732 (citing United States v. Santana, 427 U.S. 38, 42-43, 96 S. Ct. 2406, 49 L. Ed. 2d 300 (1976)). But we rejected the suggestion that the hot pursuit exception applied: “there was no immediate or continuous pursuit of [Welsh] from the scene of a crime.” 466 U.S., at 753, 104 S. Ct. 2091, 80 L. Ed. 2d 732. We went on to conclude that the officers’ entry violated the Fourth Amendment, finding it “important” that “there [was] probable cause to believe that only a minor offense . . . ha[d] been committed.” Ibid. In those circumstances, we said, “application of the exigent-circumstances exception in the context of a home entry should rarely be sanctioned.” Ibid. But we did not lay down a categorical rule for all cases involving minor offenses, saying only that a warrant is “usually” required. Id., at 750, 104 S. Ct. 2091, 80 L. Ed. 2d 732.
In Johnson, police officers broke into Michael Johnson’s fenced yard in search of another person (Steven Smith) whom they were attempting to apprehend on five misdemeanor arrest warrants. 256 F. 3d, at 898-900. The Ninth Circuit was clear that this case, like Welsh, did not involve hot pursuit: “the facts of this case simply are not covered by the ‘hot pursuit’ doctrine” because Smith had escaped from the police 30 minutes prior and his whereabouts were unknown. 256 F. 3d, at 908. The court held that the officers’ entry required a warrant, in part because Smith was wanted for only misdemeanor offenses. Then, in a footnote, the court said: “In situations where an officer is truly in hot pursuit and the underlying offense is a felony, the Fourth Amendment usually yields [to law enforcement’s interest in apprehending a fleeing suspect]. See [ Santana, supra, at 42-43, 96 S. Ct. 2406, 49 L. Ed. 2d 300]. However, in situations where the underlying offense is only a misdemeanor, law enforcement must yield to the Fourth Amendment in all but the ‘rarest’ cases. Welsh, [ supra, at 753, 104 S. Ct. 2091, 80 L. Ed. 2d 732].” Id., at 908-909, n. 6.
In concluding — as it must have — that Stanton was “plainly incompetent,” al-Kidd, 563 U.S., at 743, 131 S. Ct. 2074, 179 L. Ed. 2d 1149, the Ninth Circuit below read Welsh and the footnote in Johnson far too broadly. First, both of those cases cited Santana with approval, a case that approved an officer’s warrantless entry while in hot pursuit. And though Santana involved a felony suspect, we did not expressly limit our holding based on that fact. See 427 U.S., at 42, 96 S. Ct. 2406, 49 L. Ed. 2d 300 (“The only remaining question is whether [the suspect’s] act of retreating into her house could thwart an otherwise proper arrest. We hold that it could not”). Second, to repeat, neither Welsh nor Johnson involved hot pursuit. Welsh, supra, at 753, 104 S. Ct. 2091, 80 L. Ed. 2d 732; Johnson, supra, at 908. Thus, despite our emphasis in Welsh on the fact that the crime at issue was minor — indeed, a mere nonjailable civil offense — nothing in the opinion establishes that the seriousness of the crime is equally important in cases of hot pursuit. Third, even in the portion of Welsh cited by the Ninth Circuit below, our opinion is equivocal: We held not that warrantless entry to arrest a misdemeanant is never justified, but only that such entry should be rare. 466 U.S., at 753, 104 S. Ct. 2091, 80 L. Ed. 2d 732.
That is in fact how two California state courts have read Welsh. In both People v. Lloyd, 216 Cal. App. 3d 1425, 1430, 265 Cal. Rptr. 422, 425 (1989), and In re Lavoyne M., 221 Cal. App. 3d 154, 159, 270 Cal. Rptr. 394, 396 (1990), the California Court of Appeal refused to limit the hot pursuit exception to felony suspects. The court stated in Lloyd: “Where the pursuit into the home was based on an arrest set in motion in a public place, the fact that the offenses justifying the initial detention or arrest were misdemeanors is of no significance in determining the validity of the entry without a warrant.” 216 Cal. App. 3d, at 1430, 265 Cal. Rptr., at 425. It is especially troubling that the Ninth Circuit would conclude that Stanton was plainly incompetent — and subject to personal liability for damages — based on actions that were lawful according to courts in the jurisdiction where he acted. Cf. al-Kidd, supra, at 746-747, 131 S. Ct. 2074, 179 L. Ed. 2d 1149 (Kennedy, J., concurring).
Finally, our determination that Welsh and Johnson are insufficient to overcome Stanton’s qualified immunity is bolstered by the fact that, even after Johnson, two different District Courts in the Ninth Circuit have granted qualified immunity precisely because the law regarding warrantless entry in hot pursuit of a fleeing misdemeanant is not clearly established. See Kolesnikov v. Sacramento County, No. S-06-2155, 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 33155, 2008 WL 1806193, *7 (ED Cal., Apr. 22, 2008) (“since Welsh, it has not been clearly established that there can never be warrantless home arrests in the context of a ‘hot pursuit’ of a suspect fleeing from the commission of misdemeanor offenses”); Garcia v. Imperial, No. 08-CV-2357, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 102306, 2010 WL 3834020, *6, n. 4 (SD Cal., Sept. 28, 2010). In Garcia, a case with facts similar to those here, the District Court distinguished Johnson as a case where “the officers were not in hot pursuit of the suspect, had not seen the suspect enter the neighbor’s property, and had no real reason to think the suspect was there.” 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 102306, *19, 2010 WL 3834020, *6, n. 4. Precisely the same facts distinguish this case from Johnson: Stanton was in hot pursuit of Patrick, he did see Patrick enter Sims’ property, and he had every reason to believe that Patrick was just beyond Sims’ gate. App. to Pet. for Cert. 6-7, 17.
To summarize the law at the time Stanton made his split-second decision to enter Sims’ yard: Two opinions of this Court were equivocal on the lawfulness of his entry; two opinions of the State Court of Appeal affirmatively authorized that entry; the most relevant opinion of the Ninth Circuit was readily distinguishable; two Federal District Courts in the Ninth Circuit had granted qualified immunity in the wake of that opinion; and the federal and state courts of last resort around the Nation were sharply divided.
We do not express any view on whether Officer Stanton’s entry into Sims’ yard in pursuit of Patrick was constitutional. But whether or not the constitutional rule applied by the court below was correct, it was not “beyond debate.” al-Kidd, supra, at 741, 131 S. Ct. 2074, 2083, 179 L. Ed. 2d 1149. Stanton may have been mistaken in believing his actions were justified, but he was not “plainly incompetent.” Malley, 475 U.S., at 341, 106 S. Ct. 1092, 89 L. Ed. 2d 271.
Motion of respondent for leave to proceed in forma pauperis granted. Petition for writ of certiorari granted. Judgment reversed, and case remanded to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit for further proceedings consistent with the opinion of this Court.
It is so ordered.