Summary
In Spruill v. Moore, 40 N.C. 284, the testator gave property to his daughters, naming them, as the sons are named in this will, and annexed this condition to the gift: "If either of my daughters should die without lawful issue, then and in that case the survivors or survivor of my said daughters shall have all the said negroes and their increase forever.
Summary of this case from Ham v. HamOpinion
(December Term, 1848.)
A testator bequeaths to his four daughters, Sarah, Elizabeth, Marina, and Agnes, certain negro slaves, and directs that no division shall take place until his eldest daughter arrives at the age of 21, when she was to receive her share, and so on as to each of the other daughters upon her arriving at the same age. The will also directs "that if either of my said daughters should die without lawful issue, then and in that case the survivors or survivor of my said daughters shall have all the said negroes and their increase forever." Marina died-first under age and without issue; then Sarah died under age, but leaving a child and her husband surviving; then Agnes died under age and without issue; lastly, Elizabeth, after having intermarried with S., died under age and without issue.
1. Held, first, that this was a vested legacy, subject to go to the survivors or survivor upon the death of any of the daughters under age and without issue.
2. Held, secondly, that on the death of Sarah, her share having become absolute by her having issue, vested in her husband who had the slaves in possession, and that her share also included one-third of the share bequeathed to Marina.
3. Held, thirdly, that the share of Agnes, on her death, survived exclusively to Elizabeth, and that the child of Sarah was not entitled to any part of it.
4. Held, fourthly, that the share to which Agnes became entitled on the death of Marina, of the legacy bequeathed to her, also went to the last survivor, Elizabeth.
5. The general rule is that if legacies be given to three or more persons as tenants in common, in distinct shares, with a limitation over to the survivors, upon the death of any of them under age or without leaving issue, and two of them die, then only the original share of the one dying last, and not the survived share, goes over. But there is a distinct exception to the rule, and that is, where a fund is left as an aggregate fund, and made divisible among many legatees, with the benefit of survivorship, in which case the whole fund may go to the last survivor. The word "all," applied to the fund to go over, makes it an aggregate fund.
CAUSE removed by consent from the Court of Equity of MARTIN, at Fall Term, 1848.
Biggs for plaintiff.
Rodman for defendant.
David Latham made his will 28 October, 1833, and died shortly (285) afterwards. By it he bequeathed to his wife, Charity, certain slaves for life; and then made the following dispositions:
"I give to my four daughters, Sarah, Elizabeth, Marina, and Agnes, the following negroes, viz.: Wilson, Dunn, Sabra, Sandy, Charlotte, and Mary; and also, after the death of my wife, the negroes Jesse, Sharper, Quash, Esther, Amy, Jude, Isaac, Nancy, and Jude, Sr., and all the increase of the said negroes. It is my will that no division of the said negroes between my daughters take place until the eldest daughter then living arrives to the age of 21; and at that age to take her proportional share of the said negroes and increase, if she thinks proper, and so on until the youngest arrive at 21. Also it is my will that if either of my said daughters should die without lawful issue, then and in that case the survivors or survivor of my said daughters shall have all the said negroes and their increase forever."
The executors assented to the legacies, and the widow, she having been appointed the guardian of her daughters, received all the said slaves. In March, 1838, Marina died under age and without issue. In July, 1841, Sarah died under age, but left an infant daughter, Sarah E. Moore, by her husband, Jesse Moore, who also survived her. Agnes died in March, 1844, under age and without issue. Charity, the widow, died intestate in 1846. The remaining daughter, Elizabeth, married the plaintiff Spruill, and died in March, 1848, under age and without issue. After the intermarriage of Jesse Moore with Sarah, he was in 1840 appointed guardian of Agnes and Elizabeth, and then received all the negroes bequeathed immediately to the daughters, and, at the death of Mrs. Latham, those that had been given to her for life and over to the daughters.
By other parts of his will the testator provides for his only sons, David and Simon, by devises and bequests to them in severalty of land and slaves, with cross-remainders between them. David (286) died intestate, and his brother Simon is his administrator. Jesse Moore administered upon the estates of his late wife and of her mother, Mrs. Latham. The plaintiff administered upon the estates of his late wife and her two sisters, Marina and Agnes. He then filed this bill against Jesse Moore, Simon Latham, and the infant Sarah S. Moore, claiming that all the negroes and their increase belong to him and Jesse Moore, in the proportion of two-thirds to the plaintiff and one-third to the other, and praying for a division accordingly. It prays also for an account of the profits of the slaves and a settlement of the guardianships of the plaintiff's intestates; and likewise that the defendants should set forth their respective claims to the slaves and other parts of the fund.
The only questions at present presented to the Court are in respect to the rights in the slaves given to the daughters and in the profits of them at different periods.
The defendants set up claim that in the event, which has happened, of the deaths of both Agnes and Elizabeth without issue, their interests are undisposed of by the will, and so are to be distributed as in a case of intestacy. But that claim is entirely unfounded. The whole interest is given among the daughters to them or the survivor of them, and no one can have any part of the property except through the daughters or one of them.
There is no doubt that each of the daughters took a vested interest in the slaves, subject to be divested upon her death without leaving issue, and to go over as long as there was one or more of them who could take by survivorship. The will contains words of immediate gift either in "possession or remainder." The division only is postponed. (287) Upon the death of Mrs. Moore, her share, having become absolute, by her leaving issue, vested in her husband, who had the negroes in possession and has since administered on her estate. One inquiry is, What was her share? It was one-third part, if the interest of her sister Marina, upon her death in 1838, survived to her and the other two sisters. It did so by force of the limitation to the "survivors," notwithstanding it was upon a dying "without lawful issue." Zollicoffer v. Zollicoffer, 20 N.C. 574. But whatever doubt may have before existed on that point, there is none now, as the act of 1837, ch. 7, enacts that such a limitation is to be interpreted as one to take effect upon the death of the party without leaving issue living at the death, unless the contrary be plainly declared in the will. In like manner the plaintiff's wife was entitled to one-third, as her original portion and her proportion of Marina's portion, which now belongs to the plaintiff, either as surviving husband or as his wife's administrator, it not being material to inquire in which capacity.
Then all that remains is to dispose of the interest of Agnes. She died in 1844, after Mrs. Moore and before Mrs. Spruill. The plaintiff claims that interest also in right of his late wife, as the last survivor. As respects the original share of Agnes, it went over to Elizabeth, upon the same ground that Marina's interest survived to her three sisters. Although one may regret the exclusion of Mrs. Moore's child, yet the Court cannot help it. Threadgill v. Ingram, 23 N.C. 577, and Skinner v. Lamb, 25 N.C. 155, are in point.
It is true that there is here a second death among the sisters, without issue, and, perhaps, some argument might be founded upon the word "either" in the limitation over, as restricting the contingency to the death of the daughter first dying without issue. But that is giving to that word a sense as inaccurate as any in which the testator could (288) have used it in applying it to four persons. And whatever there might be in argument in other cases, it is of no weight here, because it is clear that the testator contemplated and intended to provide for the happening of the death of more than one of his daughters without issue, from the fact that the limitation over is, first, to the survivors, and, then, to the survivor, in the singular. This is conclusive that the survivorship, as to the original portions, at least, was to continue on until a sole survivorship should happen; after which, of course, there was to be an end of the matter, as there could be no one else to take.
It is next to be considered how the law disposed at her death of that part of the share of Agnes which accrued to her on the death of Marina. Upon that question also the opinion of the Court is for the plaintiff. The general rule, undoubtedly, is that if legacies be given to three or more persons as tenants in common, in distinct shares, with a limitation over to the survivors upon the death of any of them under age or without leaving issue, and two of them die, then only the original share of the one dying last, and not the survived share, goes over. It is unnecessary at present to go through the cases, as they were all cited and considered in the elaborate opinion of Chief Justice Taylor in McKay v. Hendon, 7 N.C. 21. There is nothing, however, to prevent a testator by proper words from making the right by survivorship embrace the accrued as well as the original shares of the second, third, or any number of donees dying within the period or under the circumstances limited. An express provision to that effect is the usual and the most effectual method. But the Chief Justice remarks, upon the authority of Wooledge v. Churchill, 3 Bro. C. C., 465, that there is established a distinct exception to the rule, and that is, when a fund is left as an aggregate fund, and made divisible among many legatees, with the benefit of survivorship; in which case the whole fund may go to (289) the last survivor. Mr. Justice Buller sat in the case referred to, and considered that the testator's directing a fund, arising from the sales of his estate, to be laid out in public securities by the trustees in their names for the benefit of four infant-children, among whom it was to be equally divided upon their attaining 21, but upon the death of any before 21, then such deceased child's share to go to the survivors or survivor of them, and calling this fund the "trust money" in that clause, and again calling it by the same name in an ulterior limitation to other persons in case of all the four children dying under 21, did constitute it "an aggregate fund" to be so kept by the trustees as to make the "whole fund" go over together. He remarks that though the expression "the whole," or "all," is not used, the words there used were tantamount to them; and the plaintiff, who was the sole survivor of the four children, was upon that ground entitled to the whole fund. Now, this will uses the term "all," which Mr. Justice Buller thought would be so decisive: the disposition being, that if any of the daughters should die without issue, "the survivors or survivor of my said daughters shall have all the said negroes and their increase." This seems to be nearly as express and positive as a provision of the kind could be. And it was no doubt the testator's intention that it should be so, as we must presume from the separate provisions for his sons, with cross-remainders between them, and then these cross-limitations between the daughters of a fund in which each of them had the same interest. The meaning was, that if all the daughters died without leaving issue but one, then that one should take all the slaves, implying, necessarily, an exception that as to any one or more of them who should leave issue, the portion or portions of her or them so dying should not go over, but become absolute.
It must be declared that the plaintiff is therefore entitled to (290) two-thirds of the slaves and their increase.
As the testator gave no directions for investing the profits of the negroes for an accumulation, and it is clear that he had no such intention, inasmuch as he makes no other provision for the support and education of his daughters, it follows, according to the general principle, that the proportion of the profits to which each of the daughters was entitled up to her death was hers, and must be accounted for accordingly to her administrator, or be in his hands subject to distribution amongst the next of kin of the daughters respectively.
There must, therefore, be the usual inquiries upon those points, and a decree for ascertaining and dividing the negroes.
PER CURIAM. Decreed accordingly.
Cited: Albritton v. Sutton, 31 N.C. 390; Kornegay v. Morris, 122 N.C. 202; Ham v. Ham, 168 N.C. 493.
(291)