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holding a span of roughly three weeks between the plaintiff's complaint and termination created an inference of causation when coupled with a change in his supervisor's behavior
Summary of this case from Braun v. Ultimate Jetcharters, LLCOpinion
No. 08-3110.
Argued: Janaury 19, 2010.
Decided and Filed: July 27, 2010.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio, Algenon L. Marbley, J.
ARGUED: David A. Campbell, III, Vorys, Sater, Seymour and Pease LLP, Cleveland, OH, for Appellant. Gary A. Reeve, Law Offices of Gary A. Reeve, LLC, Columbus, OH, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: David A. Campbell, III, Daniel J. Clark, Vorys, Sater, Seymour and Pease LLP, Columbus, OH, for Appellant. Gary A. Reeve, Law Offices of Gary A. Reeve, LLC, Columbus, OH, for Appellee.
Before SILER, MOORE, and CLAY, Circuit Judges.
OPINION
Defendant Worthington Cylinders appeals the district court's denial of its Rule 50(b) motion and the jury verdict rendered in favor of Plaintiff Jon Spengler, who sued Defendant alleging age discrimination, in violation of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, 29 U.S.C. § 621 et seq., and Ohio's anti-discrimination statute, Ohio Rev. Code § 4112.02. For the reasons set forth below, we AFFIRM the district court's denial of Defendant's Rule 50(b) motion and the jury's damages awards.
I. BACKGROUND
A. Factual Background
Defendant Worthington Cylinders manufactures pressure cylinders that are used to hold propane, refrigerant, and industrial gases. Defendant employs both regular, full-time ("RFT") employees and temporary or seasonal employees. During its busiest periods, Defendant employs about 120 seasonal employees.
In January 2004, Defendant hired Plaintiff Jon Spengler as a seasonal employee. At the time, Plaintiff was fifty-three years old. Plaintiff began his tenure with Defendant manning a spraywash, and based on his good performance, he was reassigned to operate the presses. From February 2004 to August 2004, Defendant conducted three employee evaluations of Plaintiff. Plaintiff earned the second-highest rating, "definitely above average," on his first two evaluations and the third-highest rating, "doing an average job," on his third evaluation.
On several occasions throughout the year, Defendant selects seasonal employees to be elevated to RFT status, the goal being to select the "best of the best" among its seasonal workforce. (Appellant's Br. 14.) Despite the drop in Plaintiffs evaluation rating, in November 2004, Dennis Huggins, the pressroom supervisor, recommended Plaintiff for consideration for RFT status.
Defendant's RFT review process involves many steps. First, John Hoffman, the plant manager, asks supervisors to identify RFT candidates. Next, the management team interviews and investigates the candidates, ultimately ranking all of them. From those rankings, the top candidates are recommended for RFT status and those recommendations are presented to Defendant's Employee Council. The Employee Council solicits feedback from all RFT employees and then reports back to management. If current RFT employees oppose a candidate's elevation to RFT status based on a legitimate reason, then that seasonal employee is not elevated to RFT status.
In November 2004, Plaintiff was one of thirteen candidates considered for RFT employment. Plaintiff was ranked eighth and only the top six candidates' names were submitted to the Employee Council. Consequently, Plaintiff was not elevated to RFT status.
In December 2004, Huggins approached Plaintiff and offered to recommend Plaintiff for employment at Defendant's Steel Division. According to Plaintiff, Huggins told Plaintiff he thought Plaintiff would be "a good fit" and said "besides, you would probably have trouble keeping up with the younger guys . . . here [in the cylinder division]." (Appellee's Br. 6.) Plaintiff asked whether Huggins would still recommend him for RFT status at the cylinder division and Huggins said that he would, but stated that Plaintiff only had about a fifty-fifty chance of attaining RFT status there. Huggins kept his word and, in December 2004, submitted Plaintiffs name as an RFT candidate.
After his meeting with Huggins, Plaintiff became concerned about their conversation and thought that Huggins seemed to have an age-related bias against him. Consequently, Plaintiff emailed Hoffman to determine whether he had previously been denied RFT status because of his age. On January 16, 2005, Hoffman met with Plaintiff. Thereafter, according to Hoffman, he told Plaintiff that he took Plaintiffs age discrimination allegations "very seriously" and that he "would never tolerate that." Hoffman then explained that Defendant's Steel Division was regarded as the company's most prestigious division and told Plaintiff that he should feel honored to have such an opportunity.
After speaking with Plaintiff, Hoffman approached Huggins about Plaintiffs age discrimination concerns. Thereafter, according to Plaintiff, Huggins' attitude to-ward him changed. Specifically, Plaintiff stated that Huggins kept his distance and refused to make eye contact with Plaintiff. On February 9, 2005, Huggins called Plaintiff into his office and terminated his employment, telling Plaintiff that he was being fired because of negative comments from Plaintiffs co-workers about his attitude and interpersonal skills. Plaintiff asked about the transfer to the Steel Division, to which Huggins replied that Plaintiff would not be recommended for a Steel Division position. Huggins also informed Plaintiff that Plaintiff would not be rehired in the future.
B. Procedural History
On May 9, 2005, Plaintiff filed a complaint alleging age discrimination with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ("EEOC"). The EEOC issued a right-to-sue letter on September 8, 2005. On October 26, 2005, Plaintiff filed this action, asserting two statutory bases for relief: (1) violation of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act ("ADEA"), 29 U.S.C. § 621 et seq., and (2) violation of Ohio's anti- discrimination statute, Ohio Revised Code ("R.C.") § 4112.02. Defendant filed an unopposed motion to dismiss Plaintiffs state law claim, which was granted on June 16, 2006.
Defendant subsequently moved for summary judgment on Plaintiffs ADEA claim as well, arguing that it did not improperly consider Plaintiffs age when refusing to elevate him to RFT status or in deciding to terminate his employment and that Plaintiff had no direct or circumstantial evidence demonstrating otherwise. Instead, Defendant argued, the evidence showed that its decisions were the result of complaints from Plaintiffs co-workers about his poor attitude and inability to work cooperatively. Plaintiff did not oppose summary judgment for Defendant on his age discrimination claim, and instead argued that summary judgment was improper insofar as he alleged an ADEA claim for retaliatory discharge.
Defendant responded by arguing that Plaintiff failed to plead a retaliatory discharge claim in his complaint and thus could not revise his theory to defeat summary judgment. Plaintiffs retaliation claim, argued Defendant, was barred because Plaintiff had failed to exhaust his administrative remedies since he did not assert a retaliation claim in his EEOC charge. Defendant moved to strike from Plaintiffs motion opposing summary judgment any reference to his retaliation claim. Defendant also moved for leave to file a second dispositive motion challenging Plaintiffs retaliation claim. Plaintiff moved for leave to file a surreply to Defendant's summary judgment motion.
On September 24, 2007, the district court: (1) granted Defendant's motion for summary judgment on Plaintiffs ADEA claim, (2) denied Defendant's motion to strike, (3) denied Defendant's motion for leave to file a second summary judgment motion regarding Plaintiffs retaliation claim, (4) denied Defendant summary judgment on Plaintiffs retaliation claim, and (5) granted Plaintiffs motion for leave to file a surreply to Defendant's summary judgment motion. The case proceeded to trial and on December 20, 2007, a jury returned a verdict in favor of Plaintiff in the amount of $21,944 for lost wages and the same amount in liquidated damages. Defendant moved for a directed verdict pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 50 at the conclusion of Plaintiffs case and again at the end of the trial. Both requests were denied. Defendant's motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict was also denied. On January 22, 2008, Defendant commenced this appeal, arguing that: (1) the district court lacked subject matter jurisdiction over Plaintiffs retaliation claim due to Plaintiffs failure to exhaust his claim, (2) Plaintiff failed to plead a retaliation claim, (3) Plaintiffs retaliation claim failed as a matter of law, and (4) the damages awarded to Plaintiff were not supported by the evidence.
Plaintiff conceded his age discrimination claim, acknowledging that he was lawfully denied RFT status.
In its brief, Defendant indicates that it is appealing the district court's partial denial of its motion for summary judgment as well as the district court's denial of its Rule 50(b) motion and the jury verdict. However, "where summary judgment is denied and the movant subsequently loses after a full trial on the merits, the denial of summary judgment may not be appealed." Jarrett v. Epperly, 896 F.2d 1013, 1016 (6th Cir. 1990). This rule recognizes that it would be "unjust to deprive a party of a jury verdict after the evidence was fully presented, on the basis of an appellate court's review of whether the pleadings and affidavits at the time of the summary judgment motion demonstrated the need for a trial." Id. at 1016 n. 1. There is an exception to this rule where the denial involves a pure question of law. "[W]here the denial of summary judgment was based on a question of law rather than the presence of material disputed facts, the interests underlying the [general] rule are not implicated." Barber v. Louisville Jefferson County Metro. Sewer Dist., 295 Fed.Appx. 786, 789 (6th Cir. 2008) (first alteration in original). The district court's denial of summary judgment in the instant case was not based on a pure question of law. Therefore, we conclude that Defendant may not appeal the district court's denial of its motion for summary judgment. Consequently, we only review Defendant's appeal of the denial of his Rule 50(b) motion and his claim that the jury's verdict for Plaintiff was against the weight of the evidence.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Standard of Review
We review de novo a district court's denial of a motion for judgment as a matter of law. Imwalle v. Reliance Med. Prods., Inc., 515 F.3d 531, 543 (6th Cir. 2008). A motion for judgment as a matter of law requires the district court to determine "whether there was sufficient evidence presented to raise a material issue of fact for the jury." Monette v. AM-7-7 Baking Co., 929 F.2d 276, 280 (6th Cir. 1991). The district court should decline to submit a matter to the jury "when viewed in the light of those inferences most favorable to the nonmovant, there is either complete absence of proof on the issues or no controverted issues of fact upon which reasonable persons could differ." Id. A motion for judgment as a matter of law should be granted only when "reasonable minds could come to but one conclusion in favor of the moving party." Tisdale v. Fed. Express Corp., 415 F.3d 516, 527 (6th Cir. 2005) (internal quotation marks omitted). In reviewing the district court's decision, we may not "weigh the evidence, pass on the credibility of witnesses, or substitute [our] judgment for that of the jury." Imwalle, 515 F.3d at 543 (quoting Toth v. Yoder Co., 749 F.2d 1190, 1194 (6th Cir. 1984)) (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks omitted). This Court reviews de novo a district court's ruling on the question of liquidated damages in an ADEA action. Carberry v. Monarch Marking Sys., Inc., 30 FedAppx. 389, 394 (6th Cir. 2002).
B. Administrative Exhaustion
Defendant argues that the district court lacked subject matter jurisdiction to hear Plaintiffs retaliation claim because Plaintiff failed to file a claim of retaliation in his EEOC charge. Specifically, Defendant contends that Plaintiff failed to present his retaliation claim to the EEOC because he failed to check the "Retaliation" box and that because Plaintiff was represented by counsel at the time he filed his charge, he is not entitled to a liberal construction of his charge.
Defendant correctly points out that a plaintiff "must file a charge with the EEOC before filing a complaint alleging age discrimination in federal court." See Davis v. Sodexho, Cumberland Coll Cafeteria, 157 F.3d 460, 463 (6th Cir. 1998). Defendant is also correct that retaliation claims based on conduct that occurred before a charge is filed must be included in that charge. Tisdale, 415 F.3d at 527. However, in light of Arbaugh v. Y H Corp., 546 U.S. 500, 126 S.Ct. 1235, 163 L.Ed.2d 1097 (2006), we can no longer conclude that exhaustion is a jurisdictional prerequisite. In Arbaugh, the Supreme Court adopted the following rule of construction to determine whether a statutory requirement is jurisdictional:
Retaliation claims are typically excepted from the filing requirement because they usually arise after the EEOC charge is filed. Abeita v. TransAmerica Mailings, Inc., 159 F.3d 246, 254 (6th Cir. 1998). However, this exception "does not apply to retaliation claims based on conduct that occurred before the EEOC charge was filed." Id.; accord Ang v. Procter Gamble Co., 932 F.2d 540, 547 (6th Cir. 1991) ("Retaliatory conduct occur-ring prior to the filing of the EEOC complaint is distinguishable from conduct occurring afterwards as no unnecessary double filing is required by demanding that plaintiffs allege retaliation in the original complaint."). Since the alleged retaliation occurred prior to Plaintiff filing his EEOC charge, this exception does not apply.
If the Legislature clearly states that a threshold limitation on a statute's scope shall count as jurisdictional, then courts and litigants will be duly instructed and will not be left to wrestle with the issue. . . . But when Congress does not rank a statutory limitation on coverage as jurisdictional, courts should treat the restriction as nonjurisdictional in character.
Id. at 515-16, 126 S.Ct. 1235.
Accordingly, "although administrative exhaustion is still a statutory prerequisite to maintaining claims brought under the ADEA, the prerequisite does not state a limitation on federal courts' subject matter jurisdiction over such claims. To reach this conclusion, we look to the statute that sets forth the requirement at issue." Allen v. Highlands Hosp. Corp.,
545 F.3d 387, 401 (6th Cir. 2008) (citing Arbaugh, 546 U.S. at 515-16, 126 S.Ct. 1235). Defendant points to no statutory provision nor do we find any statutory provision indicating that exhaustion is a jurisdictional prerequisite under the ADEA.
We now turn to Defendant's claim that Plaintiff failed to file a retaliation claim and thus failed to exhaust his administrative remedies. Defendant contends that Plaintiffs charge did not adequately set forth his retaliation claim such that Defendant's potential liability for retaliatory discharge could "reasonably be expected to grow out of the EEOC charge." Abeita, 159 F.3d at 254. This is known as the "expected scope of investigation test" and requires a plaintiff to have alleged sufficient facts in his or her EEOC complaint to put the EEOC on notice of the other claim even though the plaintiff failed to check the appropriate box on the EEOC's complaint form. Dixon v. Ashcroft, 392 F.3d 212, 217 (6th Cir. 2004). Accordingly, "where facts related with respect to the charged claim would prompt the EEOC to investigate a different, un-charged claim, the plaintiff is not precluded from bringing suit on that claim." Weigel v. Baptist Hosp. of E. Tenn., 302 F.3d 367, 380 (6th Cir. 2002) (quoting Davis, 157 F.3d at 463) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Plaintiff stated in his EEOC complaint that Huggins' demeanor toward him was "noticeably changed" and that Huggins would not "make eye contact or generally speak" to him after Hoffman met with Huggins to discuss Huggins' comments to Plaintiff. (EEOC Charge 3.) Also included in Plaintiffs EEOC charge was the following statement:
I believe my termination was all about my last meeting with [Hoffman]. I believe [Huggins] resented having to deny making the comment about my age. And after that, [Huggins] was clearly not pleased with me. He alone determined that I should bee [sic] terminated. Typically, when a seasonal employee has worked 12 months and has not made full-time, he has to take a 60-day break. He can then be rehired for another 12 months. I was told that I would not be rehired for the pressroom or for any other area or shift. It was clear this was a personal vendetta that could be traced to [Huggins'] comment about my age.
(EEOC Charge 3.) We find that this language sets forth sufficient facts to put the EEOC on notice of Plaintiffs retaliation claim despite his failure to check the "Retaliation" box on the charge.
Defendant argues that liberal construction of Plaintiffs EEOC charge is inappropriate because Plaintiff was represented by counsel. However, as this Court has previously stated, the fact that we liberally construe EEOC charges filed by pro se complainants "does not mean that a broad reading may not, or should not, be given in cases where a plaintiff has counsel." Cleveland Branch, NAACP v. City of Parma, 263 F.3d 513, 536 (6th Cir. 2001); see also Johnson v. Cleveland City Sch. Dist, 344 Fed.Appx. 104, 109 (6th Cir. 2009). In a case such as this where a plaintiff clearly sets forth a retaliation claim in the narrative of the EEOC charge such that both the defendant and the EEOC were on notice of the plaintiffs retaliation claim, a broad reading of the EEOC charge is appropriate regardless of whether the plaintiff was represented by counsel when filing the charge. Accordingly, we conclude that the district court did not err in allowing Plaintiffs case to proceed to trial.
The Court's recent opinion in Yourtis v. Pinnacle Airlines, Inc., 610 F.3d 359 (6th Cir. 2010), does not alter our conclusion. In Yourtis, the Court stated that "because ag grieved employees — and not attorneys — usually file charges with the EEOC, their pro se complaints are construed liberally, so that courts may also consider claims that are reasonably related to or grow out of the factual allegations in the EEOC charge." Id. at 362. Even if, arguendo, Younis dictated a different result here, the Court's prior opinion in Cleveland Branch, NAACP explicitly allows a broad reading of an EEOC charge in cases where the plaintiff has counsel. It is well-established that one panel cannot overrule a pre-existing decision of another panel of this Court. Salmi v. Sec'y of Health Human Servs., 774 F.2d 685, 689 (6th Cir. 1985). Moreover, Younis is distinguishable from the case at bar because in Younis, there was "nothing in the narrative portion of the EEOC charge that could be interpreted as claiming retaliation, nor [wa]s there any language that would have put the EEOC or the employer on notice that [the plaintiff] was alleging retaliation." Younis, 610 F.3d at 363. In this case, however, the narrative of Plaintiffs EEOC charge clearly and explicitly sets forth his retaliation claim and provides the EEOC and employer with notice of Plaintiff's retaliation claim.
C. Plaintiffs Retaliation Claim
The Age Discrimination in Employment Act prohibits an employer from "discriminat[ing] against any of his employees . . . because such individual . . . has made a charge, testified, assisted, or participated in any manner in an investigation, proceeding, or litigation under [the Act]." 29 U.S.C. § 623(d). An employer will be strictly liable for a supervisor's proven discrimination where such discrimination results in an adverse employment action. Keeton v. Flying J, Inc., 429 F.3d 259, 262 (6th Cir. 2005). An adverse employment action is defined as one that "could well dissuade a reasonable worker from making or supporting a charge of discrimination." Burlington N. Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. White, 548 U.S. 53, 57, 126 S.Ct. 2405, 165 L.Ed.2d 345 (2006).
"A plaintiff in a Title VII or ADEA action may establish retaliation either by introducing direct evidence of retaliation or by proffering circumstantial evidence that would support an inference of retaliation." Imwalle, 515 F.3d at 543. Direct evidence is evidence, which if believed, does not require an inference to conclude that unlawful retaliation motivated an employer's action. Id. at 543-44. Instead, direct evidence "requires the con elusion that unlawful retaliation was a motivating factor in the employer's action." Abbott v. Crown Motor Co., 348 F.3d 537, 542 (6th Cir. 2003) (emphasis omitted). Here, Plaintiffs evidence, ie., Huggins' comments, is not direct evidence of discrimination because even if believed, it would not require the conclusion that Defendant unlawfully retaliated against Plaintiff.
When a plaintiff presents only circumstantial evidence of retaliation, we examine ADEA retaliation claims under the same McDonnell Douglas/Burdine framework used to assess discrimination claims. Imwalle, 515 F.3d at 544. Accordingly, because Plaintiff does not proffer any direct evidence regarding retaliation, we examine his retaliation claim using the burden-shifting framework of McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 93 S.Ct. 1817, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973) and Texas Department of Community Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 101 S.Ct. 1089, 67 L.Ed.2d 207 (1981).
Under the McDonnell Douglas/Burdine framework, Plaintiff has the initial burden to establish a prima facie case of retaliation under the ADEA by establishing that: (1) he engaged in protected activity when he made his age discrimination complaint; (2) Defendant knew about his exercise of the protected activity; (3) Defendant thereafter took adverse employment action against him; and (4) there was a causal connection between the protected activity and the adverse employment action. Fox v. Eagle Distrib. Co., 510 F.3d 587, 591 (6th Cir. 2007) (citing Weigel, 302 F.3d at 381). If Plaintiff establishes a prima facie case, the burden of production shifts to Defendant to "articulate some legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for [its action]." McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. at 802, 93 S.Ct. 1817. If Defendant succeeds in doing so, then the burden shifts back to Plaintiff to demonstrate that Defendant's "proffered reason was not the true reason for the employment decision." Tuttle v. Metro. Gov't of Nashville, 474 F.3d 307, 320 (6th Cir. 2007) (quoting Morris v. Oldham County Fiscal Court, 201 F.3d 784, 793 (6th Cir. 2000)) (internal quotation marks omitted).
1. Failure to Plead Retaliation
As an initial matter, we deal with Defendant's assertion that Plaintiff failed to plead retaliation in his judicial complaint. Specifically, Defendant argues that Plaintiffs complaint contained only an ADEA age discrimination claim. Defendant argues that Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8 "requires more from a plaintiff in order to set forth a claim. (Appellant's Br. 27.) Consequently, argues Defendant, adding a retaliation claim required an amendment to the complaint which was neither sought nor granted. We disagree.
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8 requires "a short and plain statement of the claim." Fed.R.Civ.P. 8(a)(2). As the Supreme Court has stated, "Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2) requires only 'a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief,' in order to 'give the defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.'" Bell Ail. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007) (alteration in original).
In Paragraph 11 of Plaintiffs judicial complaint, Plaintiff set forth Huggins' remark that Plaintiff would "have trouble keeping up with the younger employees." In Paragraph 12, Plaintiff noted his email to and meeting with Hoffman regarding Huggins' comment as well as Huggins' denial that he made the comment. Paragraph 13 discussed how Huggins' demeanor toward Plaintiff changed after Plaintiff reported Huggins' comment and Paragraph 14 highlighted the temporal proximity of Plaintiff reporting the comment and Plaintiff being fired.
We conclude that Plaintiffs judicial complaint set forth facts establishing a prima facie case of retaliation under the ADEA. He pled facts showing that he engaged in a protected activity, that Defendant knew he did so, that he was subsequently fired, and that there was a causal connection between him engaging in the protected activity and him being fired. Moreover, Paragraph 19 actually alleged that Plaintiff "was terminated as a result of his complaints regarding his age being a factor in the decisions to not promote him" and Paragraph 20 stated that Defendant "willfully discriminated against [him] due to his age and his complaints regarding age discrimination." No meaning can be derived from these two statements other than that Defendant retaliated against Plaintiff for having complained about Huggins' ageist remark. Accordingly, we find that Plaintiff adequately pled a retaliation claim.
2. The Merits of Plaintiffs Retaliation Claim
In order to prevail on a retaliation claim where the defendant has articulated a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the adverse employment action, the plaintiff must not only establish pretext, but also establish "that the real reason for the employer's action was intentional retaliation." Imwalle, 515 F.3d at 544. However, the Supreme Court has held that "it is permissible for the trier of fact to infer the ultimate fact of discrimination from the falsity of the employer's explanation." Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prods., 530 U.S. 133, 147, 120 S.Ct. 2097, 147 L.Ed.2d 105 (2000) (emphasis omitted). In Reeves, the Supreme Court stated that
[p]roof that the defendant's explanation is unworthy of credence is simply one form of circumstantial evidence that is probative of intentional discrimination, and it may be quite persuasive. See [St. Mary's Honor Ctr. v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502,] . . . 517, 113 S.Ct. 2742, 125 L.Ed.2d 407 [(1993)] . . . ("[P]roving the employer's reason false becomes part of (and often considerably assists) the greater enterprise of proving that the real reason was intentional discrimination") . . . [O]nce the employer's justification has been eliminated, discrimination may well be the most likely alternative explanation, especially since the employer is in the best position to put forth the actual reason for its decision. . . . Thus, a plaintiffs prima facie case, combined with sufficient evidence to find that the employer's asserted justification is false, may permit the trier of fact to conclude that the employer unlawfully discriminated.
530 U.S. at 147-48, 120 S.Ct. 2097 (citation omitted).
A plaintiff can rebut an employer's legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason and show pretext by demonstrating that: "(1) the employer's stated reason for terminating the employee has no basis in fact, (2) the reason offered for terminating the employee was not the actual reason for the termination, or (3) the reason offered was insufficient to explain the employer's action." Imwalle, 515 F.3d at 545 (citing Manzer v. Diamond Shamrock Chems. Co., 29 F.3d 1078, 1084 (6th Cir. 1994)). Plaintiff relies on the second type of rebuttal evidence and has the ultimate burden of producing "sufficient evidence from which the jury could reasonably reject [Defendant's] explanation and infer that [Defendant] intentionally discriminated against him." Id. (quoting Johnson v. Kroger, 319 F.3d 858, 866 (6th Cir. 2003)) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Defendant argues that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law because Plaintiff failed to establish a prima facie case, specifically a causal connection between Spengler's discharge and the protected activity. However, this Court has previously noted that in an appeal where there has already been a jury trial on the merits, our duty is to determine whether Plaintiff produced sufficient evidence to support the jury's finding that Defendant terminated his employment in retaliation for his complaints of age discrimination. Accordingly, we "cannot simply hold that [Plaintiffs] failure to provide evidence of an essential element of [his] prima facie case is dispositive." See Tisdale, 415 F.3d at 529. Moreover, as discussed below, we conclude that Plaintiff produced evidence of a causal connection.
Defendant contends that Plaintiffs discharge was undeniably caused by his failure to attain RFT status, as evidenced, argues Defendant, by the uniform enforcement of and testimony about the company's 12-month rule. To establish a causal connection, Plaintiff must "proffer evidence sufficient to raise the inference that [his] protected activity was the likely reason for the adverse action." Upshaw v. Ford Motor Co., 576 F.3d 576, 588 (6th Cir. 2009) (quoting EEOC v. Avery Dennison Corp., 104 F.3d 858, 861 (6th Cir. 1997)) (internal quotation marks omitted). Closeness in time is one indicator of a causal connection, see Little v. BP Exploration Oil Co., 265 F.3d 357, 364-65 (6th Cir. 2001), but temporal proximity, standing alone, is not enough to establish a causal connection for a retaliation claim. Tuttle, 474 F.3d at 321. Nonetheless, there are circumstances in which temporal proximity, when combined with other evidence of retaliatory conduct, is enough to establish a causal connection, such as when the plaintiff can "show[] that he was treated differently from other employees." Id. (quoting Moore v. KUKA Welding Sys., 171 F.3d 1073, 1080 (6th Cir. 1999)) (internal quotation marks omitted).
In evaluating Plaintiffs rebuttal evidence, we must decide whether, when viewing the facts in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, Plaintiff produced sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to find that Defendant's explanation for terminating Plaintiffs employment was pretextual, and that he was actually terminated because of his complaint of age discrimination. This involves a two-part showing, requiring a reasonable disbelief of Defendant's proffered reason and circumstantial evidence that retaliation more likely than not motivated Defendant to terminate Plaintiffs employment. See Imwalle, 515 F.3d at 547.
Defendant claims that pursuant to its 12-month rule, any seasonal employee who failed to make RFT status would be discharged after 12 months of seasonal employment. In setting forth its position, Defendant relies on employee testimony that it contends established that the 12-month rule was consistently applied. Since Plaintiff failed to make RFT status after 12 months of seasonal employment, argues Defendant, he was discharged in accordance with the 12-month rule. Defendant also contends that Plaintiff was treated just as well as, if not better than, other employees as he was considered for RFT status twice and was even retained beyond 12 months to allow for the completion of the second RFT process. Defendant claims that once the second RFT process revealed concerns from Plaintiffs RFT co-workers, Plaintiff was denied RFT status and as a result, discharged.
Plaintiff does not dispute that he was lawfully denied RFT status, but rather contends that he was entitled to continued seasonal employment after the denial of RFT status.
However, Plaintiff produced evidence that the 12-month rule was selectively enforced, pointing to Hoffman's deposition testimony in which Hoffman stated: (1) the 12-month rule was only applied if there was a slowdown in production; and (2) there had not been a slowdown in production between the time Plaintiff was hired and the time of trial. Moreover, there was evidence that other seasonal employees had remained employed longer than twelve consecutive months. Yet, Plaintiff met with Hoffman to discuss Huggins' comments on January 16, 2005 and was subsequently terminated a few weeks later on February 9, 2005. Plaintiff also produced evidence that Huggins' attitude towards him noticeably changed after Plaintiffs conversation with Hoffman. Specifically, Plaintiff stated that Huggins kept his distance and refused to make eye contact with him. Hoffman told Huggins that Plaintiff perceived his comments to be ageist and even instructed Huggins to meet with Plaintiff to "clear it up." Huggins failed to comply with Hoffman's instruction. In fact, Huggins made no effort whatsoever to correct Plaintiffs impression or reassure Plaintiff that his age was not a factor with respect to his chance to obtain RFT status. Huggins also failed to follow through on his promise to refer Plaintiff to the Steel Division.
Plaintiff also set forth evidence that he was a valuable employee at the time he was discharged. For example, prior to Plaintiffs complaint of age discrimination, he had been recommended twice for RFT status which, given the RFT process, indicates that he was one of the best seasonal employees. Plaintiff had also earned a referral to a prestigious division of the company and had received four merit-based raises during his tenure at Defendant. Although former co-workers testified that they made "kind of negative" statements about Plaintiff to Huggins prior to Plaintiffs discharge, some of them mixed such statements with praise for Plaintiffs work and recommendations that he be given RFT status.
We conclude that the totality of the evidence in the record, when viewed in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, does not lead reasonable minds to but one conclusion in favor of Defendant. Consequently, granting Defendant's motion for judgment as a matter of law would have been inappropriate.
D. Damages
Defendant argues that the jury improperly awarded lost wages damages and liquidated damages to Plaintiff. First, Defendant argues that Plaintiffs lost wages damages were inappropriate because the ADEA does not require preferential treatment. Damages for lost wages, Defendant argues, would result in preferential treatment for Plaintiff because Plaintiff would not have earned such wages given the operation of its 12-month rule.
We find Defendant's argument unconvincing. Defendant is correct that the ADEA "does not require an employer to accord special treatment to employees over forty years of age[, but to treat] an employee's age . . . in a neutral fashion." Slenzka v. Landstar Ranger, Inc., 122 Fed.Appx. 809, 813 (6th Cir. 2004) (quoting Parcinski v. Outlet Co., 673 F.2d 34, 37 (2d Cir. 1982)) (alterations in original) (internal quotation marks omitted). However, as we stated above, Plaintiff presented sufficient evidence such that the jury could conclude Defendant's assertion of the 12-month rule was merely pretext. As a result, Plaintiff may have continued work as a seasonal employee despite his failure to make RFT status within the prescribed period, especially since Hoffman testified at his deposition that the 12-month rule was enforced when there was a production slowdown and that no such production slowdown occurred during the course of Plaintiffs employment. Accordingly, because Plaintiff established the amount of his damages and Defendant failed to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that Plaintiff was not entitled to those damages, damages were properly awarded.
Plaintiff presented evidence regarding how many hours per week he worked and his hourly rate.
Liquidated damages are appropriate so long as "there [is] sufficient evidence to support the jury's finding that [Defendant's] discrimination against [Plaintiff] was willful." Skalka v. Fernald Envtl. Restoration Mgmt. Corp., 178 F.3d 414, 423 (6th Cir. 1999). An ADEA violation is considered "willful" if "the employer either knew or showed reckless disregard for the matter of whether its conduct was prohibited by the ADEA." Tuttle, 474 F.3d at 322 (quoting Trans World Airlines v. Thurston, 469 U.S. 111, 128-29, 105 S.Ct. 613, 83 L.Ed.2d 523 (1985)) (internal quotation marks omitted). It is not enough to show that the employer "knew of the potential applicability of the ADEA." Carberry, 30 Fed.Appx. at 395.
Defendant contends that Plaintiff cannot recover liquidated damages because there is no evidence in the record that suggests Defendant knew its actions were prohibited by the ADEA. Plaintiff argues that because Huggins testified that he knew it was unlawful for an employer to retaliate against an employee because that employee complained of discrimination, liquidated damages were appropriate.
The jury found that Huggins retaliated when he fired Plaintiff and there was ample evidence from which the jury could conclude that Huggins knew he was breaking the law in doing so. As a result, the jury could have reasonably concluded that Huggins' conduct was willful and therefore, liquidated damages were warranted.
III. CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, we AFFIRM the district court's decision.