Opinion
S92Q0202.
DECIDED MAY 19, 1992. RECONSIDERATION DENIED JUNE 12, 1992.
Certified question from the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit.
Rogers Hardin, Richard H. Sinkfield, Linda O. Vinson, Catherine M. Bennett, for appellant.
Reynolds McArthur, W. Carl Reynolds, Charles M. Cork III, for appellee.
Hull, Towill Norman Barrett, David E. Hudson, Dunaway Wallace, Roger W. Dunaway, Jr., amici curiae.
This case came to this court as a certified question from the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit. See Middle Ga. Neurological v. Southwestern Life Ins. Co., 946 F.2d 776 (11th Cir. 1991). The facts can be summarized as follows:
Dr. Perry Cohn made applications for two life insurance policies with Southwestern Life Insurance Company in November 1987. The applications contained the following clause:
If an Agreement with Respect to Advance Premium Prepayment has not been issued [and none was], the policy will be effective when it is delivered to and accepted by the Applicant only if (a) the first premium has been paid, and (b) all answers recorded in this application represent without material change complete and true answers to the same questions as if they were asked at the time of the delivery of the policy applied for . . . (emphasis supplied).
Dr. Cohn underwent a physical examination in December 1987, but the blood samples taken were not acceptable to the insurance company. In March 1988 a satisfactory blood sample was taken and Dr. Cohn's insurance agent, Stanley Rosen, informed Dr. Cohn that the policies had been approved by underwriting. He directed Dr. Cohn to send the first monthly premium to the company. On March 28, Dr. Cohn sent a check for $10,000. The policies were issued on March 30 and were received by Rosen on April 6. The policies stated "The policy date is the effective date for all coverage provided in the original application." The policy date was listed as March 28. The policies were accompanied by a letter to Rosen that authorized him to deliver the policies if the "Applicant" confirms that all of the information on his original application was still true and correct.
Rosen tried to deliver the policies, but found out that Dr. Cohn was on vacation. Dr. Cohn suffered a heart attack while still on vacation. He died on April 8, 1988. An autopsy revealed that he had a previous heart attack at least six weeks before the one that killed him. There was no evidence to indicate whether Dr. Cohn knew that he had an earlier heart attack. The beneficiaries of the policies obtained the policies from Rosen and filed suit to recover policy proceeds. The United States District Court ruled that the policies were effective on the date of Dr. Cohn's death. The District Court also held that the insurance company was not required to pay interest from the date of the insured's death. Each party appealed. The Eleventh Circuit certified the following questions to this court:
(1) Under the facts of this case, when the insurance policy application established the policy's delivery to and acceptance by the applicant as a condition precedent to the formation of the insurance contract, but the issued policy specified a date certain on which coverage was said to be effective and from which future premium payments were to be calculated, is the failure of actual delivery of the policy of insurance fatal to contract formation so as to render coverage ineffective? (2) When [the insured dies within twelve months of issuance of the policy of insurance, or] insurance proceeds are paid within twelve months of the insured's death, does OCGA § 33-25-10 excuse the payment of prejudgment interest, or should prejudgment interest be determined pursuant to OCGA § 7-4-15 in that circumstance?
The language in brackets revises the question to conform to the language of the statute and the facts of the case presented.
1. The question posed assumes (as the insurance company argues) that the language in the applications that defines when the "policy will be effective" necessarily defines conditions precedent to contract formation. We begin our analysis by rejecting this assumption. The provision in the applications states conditions precedent to liability, not conditions precedent to contract formation. See generally J. Calamari J. Perillo, Contracts, Ch. 9 (1970). As the insurance company itself points out in its brief, "It is common practice for parties, upon forming a contract, to provide that the contract will have an `as of date' — an `effective date' earlier than the date on which the agreement was actually reached" (emphasis supplied). We note also that parties to a contract of insurance may select a future date or validating event as the "effective date" of the policy. See, e.g., Reserve Loan Life Ins. Co. v. Phillips, 156 Ga. 372 ( 119 S.E. 315) (1923); Bierer v. Nationwide Ins. Co., 314 Pa. Super. 397 ( 461 A.2d 216) (1983). Thus, the "effective date" or a statement of conditions that must be met before the "policy will be effective" does not determine whether the parties entered into a contract. Rather, a contract of life insurance is consummated upon the unconditional written acceptance of the application for insurance by the company to which the application is made. New York Life Ins. Co. v. Babcock, 104 Ga. 67 ( 30 S.E. 273) (1898).
The insurance company argues here that it did not unconditionally accept Cohn's offer for a contract of insurance. The facts here require rejection of this argument. The insurance company received Dr. Cohn's applications, conducted its medical tests, approved the applications, called for the first premium, received the first premium, and issued conforming policies which each states unconditionally that "This policy is a legal contract between the Company and the owner." The following pages list Dr. Cohn as the "owner" of the contract. The policies state that the application and the policy together form the "entire agreement" of the parties and specify that the contract became effective on March 28. There can be no doubt that a contract was formed upon the issuance of the policy. The letter addressed to Rosen that accompanied the policies was not referred to in the policies and was not made a part of the contract. Nothing stated in that letter can be considered a condition precedent to contract formation, a term of the contract or condition precedent to liability under the contract. Georgia Life Ins. Co. v. King, 120 Ga. App. 682 ( 172 S.E.2d 169) (1969).
Finally, the insurance company argues that coverage was not in effect at the time of Dr. Cohn's death because the conditions precedent to liability that were included in the application were not met. We have acknowledged that an insurance company may validly define conditions precedent to liability. Reese v. Fidelity Mut. Life Assn., 111 Ga. 482 ( 36 S.E. 637) (1900). Where both the application and the issued policy state conditions precedent to liability, and the policy has no conflicting provision, such conditions will be enforced by the Georgia courts. See, e.g., Pierce v. Life Ins. Co. of Virginia, 50 Ga. App. 337 ( 178 S.E. 189) (1935) (both the application and the policy itself reserved conditions that were required to be fulfilled before the policy would become effective). However, where the conditions precedent to liability that are described in the application or policy are contradicted by a specified date on which insurance coverage is to take effect, the date certain controls. Brooks v. Northwestern Mut. Life Ins. Co., 193 Ga. 522 ( 18 S.E.2d 860) (1942). We conclude therefore that the insurance company incurred the absolute duty to perform under the contract on March 28, the stated "effective date" of the policy.
2. In response to the second question, as revised, we hold that OCGA § 33-25-10 governs the entitlement to prejudgment interest on life insurance proceeds and does not require the payment of prejudgment interest where the insured dies within 12 months of issuance of the policy. OCGA § 7-4-15 is inapplicable to prejudgment interest on life insurance proceeds.
Questions answered. All the Justices concur.