Opinion
No. 546.
Submitted April 4, 1904. Decided April 18, 1904.
In an action in which no application for removal to the Federal court was made at any time, held that if the right existed it furnished no defence to the action on the merits in the state court. In instructing the jury that railroads are required to keep their appliances in good and suitable order, no right arising under the act of March 2, 1893, in respect of automatic couplers was denied nor was any such specially set up or claimed within § 709, Rev. Stat.
Mr. W.A. Henderson and Mr. T.P. Cothran for plaintiff in error.
Mr. J. Altheus Johnson for defendant in error.
This case comes before us on motions to dismiss or affirm. There was certainly color for the motion to dismiss as we retain jurisdiction with hesitation, and we will dispose of the case on the motion to affirm.
By some of the many exceptions preserved on the trial and disposed of by the state Supreme Court, it was sought to raise Federal questions in respect of the acts of Congress (1) providing for the removal of cases from a state court to a court of the United States, and (2) providing that railroad companies engaged in interstate commerce shall equip their cars with automatic couplers.
1. The railway company did not at any time apply for the removal of the case to the Circuit Court. Plaintiff below and the company's two co-defendants were citizens of the same State, and the railway company did not make application to remove before trial on the ground of separable controversy or want of good faith in the joinder. Nor did it make such application when plaintiff's evidence was in, nor on the whole evidence. There was no suggestion throughout the trial that the joinder was in itself improperly made, but the contention, as exhibited by the exceptions, was that a verdict could not be rendered against the company alone, because if it had been sued alone it would have had the right of removal. The trial court charged the jury that if the proof failed to show joint and concurrent negligence on the part of all the defendants, yet showed negligence on the part of one or more of them, resulting in injury to plaintiff, as the sole and proximate cause thereof, the jury might find a verdict against such defendant or defendants as the proof showed were guilty of such negligence; and to this instruction the railway company preserved an exception.
The railway company also excepted to the refusal of the court to give several instructions asked on its behalf to the effect that, as by the allegation of a joint and concurrent tort, the company had been deprived of the right to remove the cause, joint and concurrent tort must be made out against the company and at least one of the other defendants; that to allow plaintiff to recover without proof of joint and concurrent tort would deprive the company of the right of removal guaranteed by the Constitution and laws; and of its property without due process of law, in contravention of the Fourteenth Amendment, in that the company would be deprived of the right of reimbursement which would otherwise exist. But these are matters upon the merits, and recovery against one of several defendants does not depend on whether, if sued alone, that defendant might have removed the case. The right of removal depends on the act of Congress and the company not only on the face of the pleadings did not come within the act, but it made no effort to assert the right. The rule is well settled, as stated by Mr. Justice Gray in Powers v. Chesapeake Ohio Railway Company, 169 U.S. 92, "that an action of tort, which might have been brought against many persons or against any one or more of them, and which is brought in a state court against all jointly, contains no separate controversy which will authorize its removal by some of the defendants into the Circuit Court of the United States, even if they file separate answers and set up different defences from the other defendants, and allege that they are not jointly liable with them, and that their own controversy with the plaintiff is a separate one; for, as this court has often said, `a defendant has no right to say that an action shall be several which the plaintiff seeks to make joint. A separate defence may defeat a joint recovery, but it cannot deprive a plaintiff of his right to prosecute his suit to final decision in his own way. The cause of action is the subject-matter of the controversy, and that is, for all the purposes of the suit, whatever the plaintiff declares it to be in his pleadings.'"
The view thus expressed was reiterated in Chesapeake Ohio Railway Company v. Dixon, 179 U.S. 131, where the subject was much considered and cases cited. Reference was there made to the fact that many courts have held the identification of master and servant to be so complete that the liability of both may be enforced in the same action. And such is the law in South Carolina. Schumpert v. Southern Railway Company, 65 S.C. 332. In that case it was held that under the state Code of Civil Procedure, in actions ex delicto, acts of negligence and willful tort might be commingled in one statement as causes of injury; that master and servant are jointly liable as joint tort feasors for the tort of the servant committed within the scope of his employment and while in the master's service; that the objection that if master and servant were made jointly liable for the negligence of the latter the master could not call on the servant for contribution, was without merit, as the rule was, as laid down by Mr. Cooley, (Torts, page 145,) that: "As between the company and its servant, the latter alone is the wrongdoer, and in calling upon him for indemnity, the company bases no claim upon its own misfeasance or default, but upon that of the servant himself." And see Gardner v. Railway Company, 65 S.C. 341. In Rucker v. Smoke, 37 S.C. 377, and Skipper v. Clifton Man. Company, 58 S.C. 143, it was decided that in actions such as this exemplary damages may be recovered. The suggestion that the State deprived the company of its property by the rulings of the Supreme Court calls for no remark.
2. The act of March 2, 1893, 27 Stat. 531, c. 196, provided, in respect of common carriers engaged in interstate commerce, "that on and after the first day of January, eighteen hundred and ninety-eight, it shall be unlawful for any such common carrier to haul or permit to be hauled or used on its line any car used in moving interstate traffic not equipped with couplers coupling automatically by impact, and which can be uncoupled without the necessity of men going between the ends of the cars." The trial court in one of its instructions set forth this provision, and told the jury that if they found the railway company was engaged, and these cars were being used, in interstate traffic, and that they were not equipped with the automatic couplers required, such failure was negligence; and it was further charged that railroads were required to keep their appliances in safe and suitable order. It is objected that the instructions assumed that if the automatic coupler was out of repair, the company failed to comply with the act of Congress, but we do not think so, and the Supreme Court of the State held that there was no error as Congress must have intended that the couplers should be kept in proper repair for use, and moreover, as such was the law of the State, even if the act of Congress had not specifically imposed this duty. By this ruling no right specifically set up or claimed under the act of Congress by defendant below was decided against. There was no pretense that the act of Congress provided that the automatic couplers need not be kept in order, and whether the cars in question were used in moving interstate traffic and whether the coupling appliances were defective or not, were facts left to the jury and determined by their verdict. The recovery was not sought on the single ground of want of safe appliances. That was important in its connection with Carson's being ordered to go between the cars, and it was negligence while he was obeying that order, which was chiefly relied on. At all events, the company did not specifically set up or claim any right under the act of Congress or dependent on its construction which was denied by the state courts, and the question raised on these instructions and numerous others on various aspects of the case were not Federal questions, and need not be considered.
Judgment affirmed.