SK Hynix Inc. v. Rambus Inc.

Full title: SK HYNIX INC., SK HYNIX AMERICA INC., SK HYNIX U.K. LTD., and SK HYNIX…

Court: UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA SAN JOSE DIVISION

Date published: May 8, 2013

Case No. C-00-20905 RMW (N.D. Cal. May. 8, 2013)

Opinion

Case No. C-00-20905 RMW

05-08-2013

SK HYNIX INC., SK HYNIX AMERICA INC., SK HYNIX U.K. LTD., and SK HYNIX DEUTSCHLAND GmbH, Plaintiffs, v. RAMBUS INC., Defendant.

RONALD M. WHYTE

ORDER (1) DENYING SK HYNIX'S

MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT,

FOR A NEW TRIAL OR A STAY, AND FOR

LEAVE TO FILE A SUPPLEMENTAL

REPLY TO RAMBUS'S AMENDED

COUNTERCLAIM; (2) GRANTING IN PART

RAMBUS'S MOTION TO AMEND THE

COURT'S FFCL; AND (3) IMPOSING

SANCTION AGAINST RAMBUS FOR

SPOLIATION OF EVIDENCE [REDACTED]

On September 21, 2012, following remand from the Federal Circuit, this court issued Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law ("FFCL") addressing the spoliation of documents by Rambus Inc. ("Rambus") and related issues. Hynix Semiconductor Inc. v. Rambus Inc., 897 F. Supp. 2d 939 (N.D. Cal. 2012) ("Hynix III"). This court found that Rambus had spoliated documents in bad faith to the prejudice of SK hynix Inc., SK hynix America Inc., SK hynix U.K. Ltd., and SK hynix Deutschland GmbH (collectively, "SK hynix").¹ Id. at 984. The court concluded that the most appropriate sanction for Rambus's spoliation was to strike all record evidence that would support a royalty on the patents-in-suit² in excess of a "reasonable and non-discriminatory royalty." Id. at 987. The court made clear that any royalty must ensure that SK hynix would not be "not put at a competitive disadvantage in the marketplace." Id. The parties were directed to submit supplemental briefing as to what the royalty should be. Id.

1 At the time the court issued its FFCL, the Hynix entities were known as Hynix Semiconductor Inc., Hynix Semiconductor America Inc., Hynix Semiconductor U.K. Ltd, and Hynix Semiconductor Deutschland GmbH. On December 5, 2012, the court granted the Hynix entities' motion to modify the case caption to reflect corporate name changes. This order refers to the Hynix entities by their current names.

2 The court uses the terms "patents-in-suit" and "claims-in-suit" herein to refer to the patents and claims that actually were tried and upon which Rambus prevailed. Rambus asserted infringement of additional patent claims that were adjudicated against Rambus. Judgment at 7-8, ECF No. 3911.

While the parties were preparing those briefs, SK hynix filed three motions: a motion for summary judgment based upon the asserted collateral estoppel effect of recent reexamination decisions, an alternative motion for a new trial or a stay of litigation, and a motion for leave to file a supplemental reply to Rambus's amended counterclaim to add a defense of collateral estoppel. ECF Nos. 4164, 4165, 4166. Rambus filed a motion to amend the court's FFCL. ECF No. 4174. On December 19, 2012, the court heard argument with respect to those motions as well as the issue of the appropriate sanction for Rambus's spoliation.

Subsequently, SK hynix filed a motion for summary judgment based upon the asserted collateral estoppel effect of the decision of the United States District Court for the District of Delaware ("Delaware court") dated January 2, 2013. ECF No. 4238; see Micron Tech., Inc. v. Rambus Inc., — F. Supp. 2d —, No. 00-792-SLR, 2013 WL 227630 (D. Del. Jan. 2, 2013) ("Micron III"). This court solicited a response from Rambus, which was filed on February 15, 2013. ECF No. 4241. The motion thereafter was submitted without oral argument. ECF No. 4243. On February 25, 2013, the Delaware court entered judgment on its January 2 decision.

Having considered the briefs, the admissible evidence, and the oral argument presented at the hearing on December 19, 2012, the court finds and concludes as follows.

I.

BACKGROUND

SK hynix (then Hyundai Electronics Industries Co., Ltd.) commenced this action by suing Rambus for a declaratory judgment of noninfringement, invalidity, and unenforceability with respect to several of Rambus's "Farmwald/Horowitz" patents, which disclose inventions in the fields of Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory ("SDRAM") and Double Data Rate SDRAM ("DDR SDRAM"). Compl., ECF No. 1; Hynix Semiconductor Inc. v. Rambus Inc., 645 F.3d 1336, 1340 (Fed. Cir. 2011) ("Hynix II"); Hynix III, 897 F. Supp. 2d at 944-45. SK hynix also asserted claims against Rambus for monopolization, fraud, and unfair competition. Second Am'd Compl., ECF No. 106. Rambus counterclaimed for patent infringement. Hynix III, 897 F. Supp. 2d at 944. SK hynix asserted various affirmative defenses to Rambus's infringement counterclaims, including an unclean hands defense based upon Rambus's spoliation of evidence. Id.

The case was tried in three phases. Judgment, ECF No. 3911. In the first phase, SK hynix's unclean hands defense was tried to the court. Id. at 2. On January 5, 2006, the court issued FFCL determining that Rambus had not spoliated documents and thus that there was no factual basis for an unclean hands defense. Id. In the second phase, Rambus's infringement counterclaims were tried to a jury. Id. On April 24, 2006, the jury returned a verdict for Rambus. Id. In the third phase, SK hynix's remaining claims and defenses were tried. Id. On March 26, 2008, the jury returned a verdict in favor of Rambus with respect to SK hynix's legal claims. Id. On March 3, 2009, the court issued FFCL in favor of Rambus with respect to SK hynix's equitable claims and defenses. Id.

On March 10, 2009, the court entered final judgment of infringement with respect to ten Rambus patent claims: claim 33 of U.S. Patent No. 6,324,120 ("'120 patent"); claims 32 and 36 of U.S. Patent No. 6,378,020 ("'020 patent"); claims 9, 28, and 40 of U.S. Patent No. 6,426,916 ("'916 patent"); claim 16 of U.S. Patent No. 6,452,863 ("'863 patent"); claim 34 of U.S. Patent No. 5,915,105 ("'105 patent"); and claims 24 and 33 of U.S. Patent No. 6,034,918 ("'918 patent"). Id. at 2-3. The judgment awarded Rambus $349,035,842 after a remittitur plus prejudgment interest, and required SK hynix to pay specified royalties to Rambus on an ongoing basis. Id. at 2-6.

On May 13, 2011, the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit vacated this court's final judgment with respect to the finding of no spoliation and remanded for further proceedings on the spoliation issue. Hynix II, 645 F.3d at 1355. The judgment otherwise was affirmed. Id. The Federal Circuit expressly affirmed this court's denial of SK hynix's motion for a new trial on the basis of invalidity for obviousness. Id. The mandate issued on August 9, 2011.³ Mandate, ECF No. 4045.

3 The mandate was filed in this court on August 15, 2011.

On September 21, 2012, after briefing and oral argument on remand, this court issued FFCL determining that Rambus in fact had spoliated documents in bad faith. Hynix III, 897 F. Supp. 2d at 944-45. The court declined to impose terminating sanctions as requested by SK hynix but instead concluded that the most appropriate sanction was to strike from the record all evidence supporting a royalty in excess of a "reasonable and non-discriminatory royalty"; the court emphasized that any royalty on the patents-in-suit must insure that SK hynix would not be "not put at a competitive disadvantage in the marketplace." Id. at 986. In reaching this conclusion, the court relied in part upon the fact "that Rambus's patents otherwise are valid." Id. SK hynix now seeks summary judgment under two different collateral estoppel theories and alternatively requests a new trial or a stay, while Rambus seeks modification of the FFCL. The court addresses the parties' motions before turning to the question of the appropriate sanction for Rambus's spoliation of evidence.

II.

SK HYNIX'S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT BASED UPON ASSERTED

COLLATERAL ESTOPPEL EFFECT OF THE DELAWARE COURT'S DECISION

A motion for summary judgment should be granted if "there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); see also Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247-48 (1986). A summary judgment motion may be brought on the basis of collateral estoppel. Robi v. Five Platters, Inc., 918 F.2d 1439, 1441 (9th Cir. 1990).

"In the patent infringement context, the legal standard for determining whether a patentee is collaterally estopped from asserting its alleged patent right was established by the Supreme Court in Blonder-Tongue." ⁴ Pharmacia & Upjohn Co. v. Mylan Pharms, Inc., 170 F.3d 1373, 1379 (Fed. Cir. 1999). Blonder-Tongue established that a judgment of invalidity in one case may collaterally estop the patent owner from contesting invalidity in a subsequent case, as long as the patent owner had a full and fair opportunity to litigate the validity of the patent in the first case. Blonder-Tongue Labs., Inc. v. Univ. of Ill. Found., 402 U.S. 313, 333-34 (1971).

4 Blonder-Tongue Labs., Inc. v. Univ. of Ill. Found., 402 U.S. 313 (1971).

This court has given extensive consideration to the application of Blonder-Tongue and its progeny to decisions issued in the parallel Micron action pending in the Delaware court. Following this court's initial determination that Rambus had not spoliated evidence, SK hynix sought summary judgment on the basis of the asserted collateral estoppel effect of the Delaware court's subsequent determination that Rambus had spoliated evidence. See Hynix Semiconductor Inc. v. Rambus Inc., No. C-00-20905 RMW, 2009 WL 292205, at *1 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 3, 2009) ("'09 Coll. Estop. Order"). SK hynix characterized its assertion of the collateral estoppel doctrine as "defensive," and argued that application of the doctrine thus was mandatory rather than discretionary. This court concluded that the terms "defensive" and "offensive" failed to capture the fluidity of the parties' identities as plaintiffs or defendants given the procedural posture of the case. Id. at *2. Moreover, the court noted that "[a]s the Supreme Court has made clear repeatedly, the application of non-mutual issue preclusion requires a careful weighing of the equities." Id. Relying inter alia on Parklane Hosiery Co., Inc. v. Shore, 439 U.S. 322 (1979) and 18A Charles A. Wright, Arthur R. Miller & Edward H. Cooper, Fed. Prac. & Proc. §§ 4464-4465.2 (2d ed.2002), the court concluded that application of the collateral estoppel doctrine is discretionary in the present case. Id. at *3-6. The court declined to apply the doctrine in light of its own prior conflicting decision on the issue of spoliation, SK hynix's attempt "to take advantage of its coordinated, dual-front litigation against Rambus to capitalize on Rambus's loss in Delaware," and the fact that efficiency would not be served by permitting SK hynix to displace the results of extensive litigation in this court simply because another district court subsequently reached a contrary result. Id.

This court revisited the issue of collateral estoppel in its FFCL issued on September 21, 2012. See Hynix III, 897 F. Supp. 2d at 972-75. The court again rejected SK hynix's contention that application of the doctrine is mandatory. Id. However, the court observed that circumstances had changed significantly since its '09 Coll. Estop. Order:

This court's finding that Rambus did not spoliate evidence has been vacated, while the

Delaware court's Micron I ⁵ decision to the contrary has been affirmed. As a result, this court no longer is confronted with two inconsistent decisions. Rather, the slate has been wiped clean in the present action while the spoliation issue has been finally adjudicated in Micron I. This court no longer has grounds for questioning whether the Micron I determination of spoliation is correct. Most importantly, that spoliation finding has been expressly affirmed by the Federal Circuit. Micron II, ⁶ 645 F.3d at 1325-26.

Id. at 974. While acknowledging that "[t]he forum selection gamesmanship engaged in by Hynix and Micron is troubling," the court concluded that "the circumstances that now exist persuade the court that preclusive effect should be given to the Micron I determination, as affirmed by the Federal Circuit, that Rambus spoliated evidence prior to the second shred day." Id.

5 Micron Tech., Inc. v. Rambus Inc., 255 F.R.D. 135 (D. Del. 2009).

6 Micron Tech., Inc. v. Rambus Inc., 645 F.3d 1311 (2011).

SK hynix's current assertion of the collateral estoppel doctrine is nearly identical to its prior position rejected by this court in its '09 Coll. Estop. Order. SK hynix in essence asks this court to replace its own Hynix III decision as to the appropriate sanction for Rambus's spoliation with a subsequent decision of the Delaware court. The court declines to do so for all of the reasons discussed in the '09 Coll. Estop. Order. In particular, the conflict between Hynix III and Micron III suggests that "the outcomes may have been based on equally reasonable resolutions of doubt as to the probative strength of the evidence or the appropriate application of a legal rule of evidence." Crawford v. Ranger Ins. Co., 653 F.2d 1248, 1252 (9th Cir. 1981) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Under such circumstances a district court may, in the exercise of its discretion, decline to apply an asserted collateral estoppel bar that is based upon one of two conflicting decisions. Id. The circumstances that led the court to apply the collateral estoppel doctrine following Hynix II and Micron Tech., Inc. v. Rambus Inc., 645 F.3d 1311 (2011) ("Micron II)- that is, the Federal Circuit's vacating of this court's determination that no spoliation had occurred and express affirmance of another court's determination that spoliation in fact had occurred - are not present here.

SK hynix argues that this court should apply the collateral estoppel bar so as to avoid inconsistent results, citing Blonder-Tongue for the proposition that "[p]ermitting repeated litigation of the same issue as long as the supply of unrelated defendants holds out reflects either the aura of the gaming table or a lack of discipline and of disinterestedness on the part of the lower courts, hardly a worthy or wise basis for fashioning rules of procedure." Blonder-Tongue, 402 U.S. at 329 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). This argument is unpersuasive where, as here, SK hynix attempts to avoid an earlier decision on the appropriate sanction issued by the forum that SK hynix itself selected (this court), in favor of a later decision issued by another forum (the Delaware court). If any party is attempting repeated bites of the apple in this litigation, it is SK hynix.

Finally, SK hynix asserts that it would be fundamentally unfair to enforce the patents-in-suit against it when the patents are not enforced against the other major competitors in the marketplace. The patents have expired. Hr'g Tr. of 12/19/2012 at 38, ECF No. 4227. Thus, all competitors are on a level playing field with respect to use of the patented technology going forward. The only question is whether SK hynix should be required to pay Rambus some amount in royalties for use of the patented technology during the life of the patents. SK hynix has not demonstrated that imposing such a requirement would place it at a significant competitive disadvantage. However, as discussed below, the sanction for Rambus's spoliation should not permit Rambus to obtain royalty payments from SK hynix that exceed a reasonable and non-discriminatory rate commensurate with those paid by SK hynix's competitors. The Micron III court's conclusion that the patents-in-suit are unenforceable against Micron does mean that Micron will be in a more favorable position than others in the industry (assuming that judgment is affirmed). However, Micron is only one of several competitors; others have paid royalties to Rambus for use of the subject patents. The fact that SK hynix may be at a disadvantage vis a vis Micron does not preclude the appropriateness of the sanction determined here.

For all of these reasons, the court in the exercise of its discretion declines to apply the collateral estoppel doctrine to Hynix III. Even if the court were inclined to displace Hynix III in favor of Micron III, it is not at all clear that the prerequisites for application of the collateral estoppel doctrine are satisfied. In the Ninth Circuit, the doctrine precludes a party from relitigating an issue if: "(1) there was a full and fair opportunity to litigate the issue in the previous action; (2) the issue was actually litigated; (3) there was final judgment on the merits; and (4) the person against whom collateral estoppel is asserted was a party to or in privity with a party in the previous action." Wolfson v. Brammer, 616 F.3d 1045, 1064 (9th Cir. 2010).⁷ The question before this court is what sanction should be imposed against Rambus for spoliating evidence to the prejudice of Hynix. The Micron action did not afford Rambus an opportunity to litigate the prejudice to Hynix, as Hynix is not a party to that action. The issue of the appropriate sanction vis a vis Hynix was not actually litigated in Micron III, in which the Delaware court determined only that the patents-in-suit are unenforceable against Micron. Micron III, 2013 WL 227630, at *21.

7 Application of Blonder-Tongue is considered to be an issue of patent law that is within the exclusive jurisdiction of the Federal Circuit. Pharmacia, 170 F.3d at 1381 n.4. However, because application of general collateral estoppel principles is not a matter within the exclusive jurisdiction of the Federal Circuit, it is governed by the law of the regional circuit in which the district court is located. TorPharm, Inc. v. Ranbaxy Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 336 F.3d 1322, 1327 (Fed. Cir. 2003).

The findings and conclusions reached by the Delaware court differ in significant respects from those reached by this court. For example, this court found that "the evidence does not show that Rambus knowingly destroyed damaging evidence," Hynix III, 897 F. Supp. 2d at 980, while the Delaware court found that "Rambus attempted to destroy evidence that would be unfavorable to its litigation position and to keep other, more favorable evidence," Micron III, 2013 WL 227630, at *12. This court found that "[t]here is a possibility that Rambus did not destroy any evidence that would have been beneficial to Hynix's litigation position," but concluded that Rambus must suffer the consequences of that uncertainty because Rambus destroyed so many documents without keeping any record of what was destroyed. Hynix III, 897 F. Supp. 2d at 986. In contrast, the Delaware court concluded that "[t]he wide range and sheer amount of materials destroyed, along with Rambus's bad faith, make it almost certain that the misconduct interfered with the rightful resolution of the case." Micron III, 2013 WL 227630, at *19. The Delaware court concluded that "Judge Whyte's decision is not binding on this court and, in any case, his findings of fact were different from those in the instant case." Id. at *18 n.25. The issues on which this court and the Delaware court differ - the degree of Rambus's bad faith and the extent of prejudice to the opposing party - go to the heart of the sanction determination. See Micron II, 645 F.3d at 1329 (degree of fault and extent of prejudice are two of the three factors that courts must consider before imposing terminating sanctions). Application of the collateral estoppel doctrine with respect to the appropriate sanction thus would appear particularly inappropriate here.

Accordingly, SK hynix's motion for summary judgment based upon the asserted collateral estoppel effect of Micron III is denied.

III.

SK HYNIX'S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT BASED UPON ASSERTED

COLLATERAL ESTOPPEL EFFECT OF REEXAMINATION DECISIONS

Since January 2012, a number of reexamination decisions have issued with respect to several of the Farmwald/Horowitz patents. The Patent Trials and Appeals Board⁸ ("the Board") has determined that four of the ten claims-in-suit are invalid. Specifically, the Board has determined that claim 33 of the '120 patent and claim 36 of the '020 patent are invalid based on obviousness, and that claim 28 of the '916 patent and claim 16 of the '863 patent are invalid based upon anticipation. Taylor Decl. Exs. 10, 14, ECF 4169; Supp. Brown Decl. Ex. 46, ECF 4180; Nissly Decl. Ex. A, ECF 4212. SK hynix asserts that the Board's determinations entitle it to summary judgment as to those four claims⁹ (referred to herein as "the Four Claims") on the basis of collateral estoppel.

8 "Pursuant to the America Invents Act ('AIA') amendments to Title 35, (see Public Law 112-29), the Board officially changed its name from the Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences to the Patent Trial and Appeal Board on September 16, 2012." Flo Healthcare Solutions, LLC v. Kappos, 697 F.3d 1367, 1369 n.1 (Fed. Cir. 2012).

9 At the time that SK hynix filed its motion for summary judgment, only two of the claims-in-suit had been determined to be invalid on reexamination (claim 33 of the '120 patent and claim 28 of the '916 patent). SK hynix subsequently filed a supplemental memorandum informing the court that a third claim had been rejected on reexamination (claim 16 of the '863 patent), and a second supplemental memorandum informing the court that a fourth claim had been rejected on reexamination (claim 36 of the '020 patent). ECF Nos. 4179, 4212.

The other six claims-in-suit were subject to ex-parte reexamination at the request of Hynix or inter partes reexaminations at the request of third parties, and they have been found not to be invalid on reexamination. Those are claims 9 and 40 of the '916 patent, claim 34 of the '105 patent, claims 24 and 33 of the '918 patent, and claim 32 of the '020 patent. SK hynix nonetheless contends that it is entitled to summary judgment as to those six claims (referred to herein as "the Six Claims") on the basis that there are no patentably significant differences between them and other Farmwald/Horowitz claims (not tried in this case) that have been rejected on reexamination.

Rambus argues that the mandate rule bars reconsideration of patent validity and that, in any event, the application of the collateral estoppel doctrine is not warranted here.

A. Mandate Rule

"The mandate rule requires that the district court follow an appellate decree as the law of the case." Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. v. St. Jude Med., Inc., 576 F.3d 1348, 1356 (Fed. Cir. 2009). "Unless remanded by [the appellate] court, all issues within the scope of the appealed judgment are deemed incorporated within the mandate and thus are precluded from further adjudication." Engel Indus., Inc. v. Lockformer Co., 166 F.3d 1379, 1383 (Fed. Cir. 1999). "[T]he mandate rule precludes reconsideration of any issue within the scope of the judgment appealed from - not merely those issues actually raised." Amado v. Microsoft Corp., 517 F.3d 1353, 1360 (Fed. Cir. 2008).

This court's judgment encompassed the jury's determination that the patent claims-in-suit are not invalid. That determination has not been disturbed; in fact, the Federal Circuit expressly affirmed this court's denial of SK hynix's motion for a new trial on the basis of invalidity for obviousness. Hynix II, 645 F.3d at 1341. Nothing in Hynix II suggests that the Federal Circuit intended this court to revisit the issue of validity on remand. Accordingly, it appears that the remand is limited to issues relating to spoliation.

SK hynix argues that the defense of collateral estoppel arising from the Board's 2012 decisions was not (and could not have been) within the scope of the 2009 judgment, and thus that the mandate rule does not preclude this court from considering it on remand. The Federal Circuit rejected a similar argument in Cardiac Pacemakers, holding that the mandate rule precluded the district court from considering a new anticipation defense to patent infringement, because the new defense was not "directly related" to the issues that had been remanded. Cardiac Pacemakers, 576 F.3d at 1356. As relevant here, a jury found one of Cardiac's patents to be valid and enforceable, but not infringed by St. Jude. Id. at 1352-53. The district court subsequently granted St. Jude's motion for judgment as a matter of law on the ground that the patent was invalid for obviousness. Id. On appeal, the Federal Circuit reinstated the jury's verdict as to validity, concluding that it was supported by substantial evidence in the record. Id. The Federal Circuit also modified in part the district court's claim construction, vacated the jury's finding of noninfringement, and remanded for a new trial on infringement and damages in light of the modified claim construction. Id. The court characterized its remand as "for a new trial on literal infringement of one claim of one patent and for any damages determination." Id. at 1354 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

On remand, the district court permitted St. Jude to assert a new defense of invalidity based upon anticipation; St. Jude prevailed on that defense. The Federal Circuit reversed, holding that the issue of invalidity based upon anticipation was outside the scope of the remand because it was not "directly related" to the modified claim construction. Id. at 1356-57. The court noted that "the purpose of the remand was for a new trial of infringement and reassessment of damages." Id. at 1356 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

In the present case, the purpose of the remand likewise was limited. The Federal Circuit ordered as follows:

The district court's Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law regarding spoliation are vacated, as is the district court's Final Judgment, and the case is hereby remanded for reconsideration of the spoliation issue under the framework set forth in Micron II. The district court's decision on waiver and estoppel, its claim construction order, its order denying Hynix's motion for judgment as a matter of law or for a new trial on the basis of written description, and its order denying Hynix's motion for a new trial on the basis of obviousness, are affirmed. This court also affirms the district court's grant of Hynix's motion for summary judgment for the claims at issue in Rambus's cross-appeal.

Hynix II, 645 F.3d at 1355 (emphasis added). SK hynix's new collateral estoppel defense is not directly (or even tangentially) related to the spoliation issue that is the subject of the remand. As noted above, the judgment encompassed the jury's express finding that the claims-in-suit are not invalid, which judgment was affirmed. Applying the rationale of Cardiac Pacemakers, it would appear that this court is precluded from considering SK hynix's new collateral estoppel defense on remand.

SK hynix relies heavily upon Mendenhall v. Barber-Greene Co., 26 F.3d 1573 (Fed. Cir. 1994) in urging the court to consider the collateral estoppel defense on remand. In that case, Mendenhall sued three different defendants - Barber-Greene, Astec, and Cedarapids - in three different courts for patent infringement. Id. at 1576. The Barber-Greene trial resulted in a judgment for Mendenhall, which was appealed to the Federal Circuit. Id. at 1577. The Astec trial resulted in a judgment for Mendenhall on the issue of liability, which was affirmed by the Federal Circuit following an interlocutory appeal. Id. at 1576. While the Barber-Greene judgment was on appeal and while Astec remained pending in the district court on the issue of damages, a final judgment of invalidity as to all patent claims-in-suit was entered in Cedarapids. Id. Barber-Greene then asserted on appeal that Mendenhall was collaterally estopped from continuing to assert the patents' validity in light of the Cedarapids judgment. Id. at 1577. Astec moved in the district court to vacate the liability judgment against it on the basis of collateral estoppel, and it subsequently appealed the district court's denial of that motion to the Federal Circuit. Id. Mendenhall appealed the judgment of invalidity in Cedarapids. Id. The Federal Circuit heard the Barber-Greene, Astec, and Cedarapids appeals on the same day but it did not consolidate the appeals. Id. The Federal Circuit affirmed the Cedarapids invalidity judgment, and the Supreme Court denied review. Id. The Federal Circuit then consolidated Barber-Greene and Astec for disposition.

The court noted that in the patent context, an accused infringer may avoid liability by asserting collateral estoppel based on a third party's success in proving invalidity, despite the accused infringer's failure to prove invalidity in its own case. Id. at 1580. The court held that "the defense of collateral estoppel based on a final judgment of patent invalidity in another suit can 'be timely made at any stage of the affected proceedings.'" Id. at 1579 (quoting Dana Corp. v. NOK, Inc., 882 F.2d 505, 507 (Fed. Cir. 1989)). Because Barber-Greene and Astec had raised the defense as soon as possible following the Cedarapids judgment, the court deemed the defense to be timely despite the fact that it was raised for the first time on appeal in Barber-Greene and following an interlocutory appeal on the determination of liability in Astec. Id. at 1580.

The Federal Circuit rejected Mendenhall's argument that Astec's liability had been finally established as a result of its affirmance on interlocutory appeal. Pointing out that the interlocutory appeal did not result in a final judgment, and that courts may reconsider liability absent a final judgment ending the litigation, the Federal Circuit concluded that the judgment on interlocutory appeal merely invoked "concepts of law of the case." Id. at 1580-82. "[T]he law of the case doctrine is a policy not a command even respecting a prior appellate decision in the case." Id. at 1582. "Federal courts of appeals have recognized a variety of 'special circumstances' under which they would reconsider their previously-determined law of the case." Id. Examples include intervening changes in applicable authority and circumstances in which failure to reconsider would result in clear error or manifest injustice. Id. The Federal Circuit determined that the Cedarapids invalidity judgment presented "exceptional circumstances" warranting departure from prior rulings that Barber-Greene and Astec were liable to Mendenhall. Id. at 1583. The court characterized the Cedarapids judgment as intervening controlling authority, and suggested that it would be manifestly unjust to uphold the liability determinations against Barber-Greene and Astec "when the rest of the industry is not impeded by the patents." Id.

Mendenhall is not precisely on point, as it does not address the scope of a district court's authority following remand. The issue before this court is not the timeliness of SK hynix's assertion of a collateral estoppel defense, but rather the scope of issues that properly may be considered by this court on remand. Mendenhall does address the law of the case doctrine, and some courts have characterized the mandate rule as a "specific application of the general doctrine of law of the case." United States v. Matthews, 312 F.3d 652, 657 (5th Cir. 2002); see also Cardiac Pacemakers, 576 F.3d at 1356 ("The mandate rule requires that the district court follow an appellate decree as the law of the case."). Cases apply the same exceptions to both the law of the case doctrine and the mandate rule. See, e.g., Matthews, 312 F.3d at 657 ("The mandate rule, however, has the same exceptions as does the general doctrine of law of the case; these exceptions, if present, would permit a district court to exceed our mandate on remand."); Amado, 517 F.3d at 1359-60 (considering whether an intervening decision foreclosed application of the mandate rule).

Even if it were to conclude that Mendenhall is applicable here, the court would not be convinced that revisiting the issue of validity is warranted. SK hynix correctly points out that Mendenhall illustrates the Federal Circuit's recognition of a strong policy against enforcing patents that have been determined to be invalid, even when the issue of invalidity is raised late in the litigation proceedings. However, the court also emphasized the finality of the Cedarapids judgment, observing that the patents "were determined to be invalid after full and fair litigation," Mendenhall, 26 F.3d at 1578, and that "we no longer have the situation of applying collateral estoppel based on a judgment that might be reversed," id. at 1578 n.5. In the present case, the asserted intervening decisions are not final judgments but rather reexamination rulings that remain subject to review by the Federal Circuit. Moreover, not all of the asserted intervening decisions address the claims-in-suit - some of them address other claims that were not tried in this action. On the particular facts of this case, this court concludes that Mendenhall does not authorize departure from the mandate rule and that SK hynix's motion for summary judgment is subject to denial as barred by that rule.

B. Collateral Estoppel Doctrine

Even if it were to consider SK hynix's motion on the merits, the court would conclude that the collateral estoppel doctrine does not entitle SK hynix to summary judgment.

1. Four Claims-In-Suit Found To Be Invalid On Reexamination

As is noted above, the Board has determined that the Four Claims are invalid. The parties dispute whether a Board decision on reexamination gives rise to a collateral estoppel defense in civil litigation. In general, preclusion does not lie when the case asserted as the basis for the estoppel applied a less strict legal standard than the case in which the estoppel is invoked. See, e.g., Clark v. Bear Stearns & Co., 966 F.2d 1318 (9th Cir. 1992) ("collateral estoppel does not preclude claims that have a different burden of proof than previously decided claims"). "[A] challenger that attacks the validity of patent claims in civil litigation has a statutory burden to prove invalidity by clear and convincing evidence." In re Baxter Intern., Inc., 678 F.3d 1357, 1364 (Fed. Cir. 2012). "In contrast, in PTO reexaminations the standard of proof - a preponderance of the evidence - is substantially lower than in a civil case and there is no presumption of validity in reexamination proceedings." Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Nonetheless, at least one district court has held that the Board's rejection of a patent claim on reexamination may preclude relitigation of the claim's validity in the district court. See Tan v. Integrated Silicon Solutions, Inc., No. C 07-06166 WHA, 2008 WL 2340217, at *3-4 (N.D. Cal. June 5, 2008). Tan does not acknowledge or discuss the difference in the legal standards governing reexamination and civil actions.

The parties also dispute whether the Board decisions rejecting the Four Claims are sufficiently final to invoke the doctrine of collateral estoppel. Those decisions clearly are not final with respect to Micron and Samsung Electronics Co. ("Samsung"), which initiated the inter partes reexaminations that led to the subject decisions. "An inter partes reexamination is a PTO proceeding permitted under Title 35 prior to the [America Invents Act] amendments . . . by which a third party could challenge the validity of an issued patent." Flo Healthcare Solutions, LLC v. Kappos, 697 F.3d 1367, 1370 n.4 (Fed. Cir. 2012).¹⁰ "Unlike an ex parte reexamination proceeding, an inter partes reexamination proceeding allows the third-party requester to participate in the reexamination by submitting written comments addressing issues raised in the patent owner's response to an office action, appealing a decision in favor of patentability, and participating as a party to an appeal taken by the patent owner." Id. (quoting Cooper Techs. Co. v. Dudas, 536 F.3d 1330, 1332 (Fed. Cir. 2008)). Once the inter partes proceeding is final, the third-party requester is precluded from challenging in a later civil action "the invalidity of any claim finally determined to be valid and patentable on any ground which the third-party requester raised or could have raised during the inter partes reexamination proceedings." 35 U.S.C. § 315(c) (2011). However, an inter partes reexamination is deemed final for § 315(c) purposes only after exhaustion of all appeals, including appeals to the Federal Circuit. Bettcher Indus., Inc. v. Bunzl USA, Inc., 661 F.3d 629, 644 (Fed. Cir. 2011). Micron's and Samsung's appeals have not been exhausted as to the Board's rejections of claim 33 of the '120 patent, claim 36 of the '020 patent, claim 28 of the '916 patent, and claim 16 of the '863 patent.

10 "Effective September 16, 2012, the AIA amendments replaced inter partes reexaminations with a new inter partes review process." Flo Healthcare, 697 F.3d at 1370 n.4. The pre-AIA version of 35 U.S.C. §§ 311-318 governs the inter partes reexaminations relevant here.

SK hynix points out that it is not a requester in the inter partes reexaminations at issue here, and thus asserts that it is not subject to the finality requirement applicable to statutory preclusion under § 315(c). SK hynix argues that the Board decisions are sufficiently final for SK hynix to assert them as the basis of a collateral estoppel challenge in this case, even though they are not sufficiently final for Micron and Samsung to assert them as the basis of a statutory preclusion challenge. Rambus contends that it would be absurd if the same Board decisions were considered not final as to Micron and Samsung, who actually participated in the reexamination proceedings, but final as to SK hynix, a stranger to the reexamination proceedings. The parties have not cited, and the court has not located, any controlling authority on this point.

The court would not be particularly concerned with these issues if the Four Claims were the only claims supporting the damages award in this case. In those circumstances, the court likely would at least stay the instant proceedings pending finality of the Board determinations. If and when the Four Claims were cancelled, they would be rendered void ab initio. See Flexiteek Americas, Inc. v. PlasTEAK, Inc., No. 08-60996-CIV, 2012 WL 5364263, at *9 (S.D. Fla. Sept. 10, 2012). At that point, absent any valid patent claims to support the infringement award, the court likely would grant relief to SK hynix. See id. at *11 ("[T]o allow the judgment . . . and the related orders to stand when they are predicated on a nullity would undercut the legislative intent of the reexamination process, that is, remedying erroneously issued patents.").

However, the Four Claims are not the only claims supporting the damages award. The award also was based on the remaining Six Claims, which have been found not invalid on reexamination. At trial, the jury was asked to award damages with respect to two classes of product - SDRAM and DDR SDRAM. See Special Verdict, ECF 2053. This approach was agreed to by the parties and was consistent with Rambus's licenses entered into in 2000, which licensed Rambus's entire patent portfolio. See Wu Decl. Ex. A (trial transcript) at 1054:15-1055:21, ECF 4194. SK hynix has not pointed to any record evidence suggesting that its trial presentation included a breakdown of damages relating to each individual claim-in-suit. Thus, so long as the Six Claims stand, the damages award is fully supported. See TiVo, Inc. v. EchoStar Commc'ns Corp., 516 F.3d 1290, 1312 (Fed. Cir. 2008) ("Because the damages calculation at trial was not predicated on the infringement of particular claims, and because we have upheld the jury's verdict that all of the accused devices infringe the software claims, we affirm the damages award entered by the district court."). Accordingly, SK hynix cannot prevail on its motion for summary judgment unless it demonstrates not only that the Four Claims are barred, but that the Six Claims are barred as well.

2. Six Claims-In-Suit Found To Be Not Invalid On Reexamination

SK hynix concedes that the Six Claims have been found to be not invalid on reexamination and that those determinations are now final, because they were either ex parte reexaminations brought by SK hynix as to which there is no right of appeal, or they were inter partes reexaminations requested by third parties who have elected not to pursue their rights of appeal. See Mot. for Summ. J. at 4-5, ECF 4164. SK hynix contends that the Six Claims nonetheless are barred by the doctrine of collateral estoppel because the Board has determined that other claims of related patents are invalid.

SK hynix relies heavily upon a decision of the District Court for the Southern District of Ohio, Ohio Willow Wood Co. v. ALPS South, LLP, No. 2:04-cv-1223, 2012 WL 2196083 (S.D. Ohio June 15, 2012). In that patent infringement case, the defendant raised a collateral estoppel defense after claim construction but before disposition of motions and before trial. Id. at *7. The defense was based upon a decision of the District Court for the Eastern District of Texas (as affirmed by the Federal Circuit) that invalidated claims of a related patent for obviousness. Id. The Ohio court concluded that "[c]ollateral estoppel may also operate to bar relitigation of common issues in actions involving different but related patents." Id. at *8. Citing to a case issued by the Federal Circuit's predecessor court, the Ohio court explained that "the key inquiry in determining the collateral estoppel effect of a previous adjudication is whether specific issues related to a patent's validity have been determined in a prior proceeding." Id. (citing Westwood Chem., Inc. v. United States, 525 F.2d 1367, 1372 (Ct. Cl. 1975)). After conducting a side-by-side comparison of the claims at issue before it and the claims adjudicated in the Texas action, the Ohio court concluded that some but not all of the claims-in-suit before it were subject to a collateral estoppel bar arising from the Texas court's ruling. Id. at *16.

SK hynix urges this court to conduct a similar side-by-side comparison of the Six Claims with other Farmwald/Horowitz patent claims that have been found to be invalid on reexamination. David Taylor, SK hynix's expert, provides extensive analysis of the Board's decisions with respect to such other patent claims, explaining in detail why he believes that those decisions establish that the Six Claims are invalid over prior art. Taylor Decl. Exh. 16 at 26-31, ECF No. 4169. He focuses primarily on the five industry-standard DRAM features that were addressed extensively at trial -programmable CAS latency, programmable burst length, autoprecharge, dual-edge clocking, and on-chip DLL - and discusses them in conjunction with several prior art references, including the Intel iAPX432 Interconnect Architecture Reference Manual published in 1982 ("iAPX"), Japanese patent publication JP 57-210495 published December 24, 1982 ("Inagaki"), and Great Britain patent publication GB 2 197 553 A published May 18, 1988 ("Lofgren"). Id.

Were this court in the position of the Ohio district court - that is, addressing the validity of claims-in-suit for the first time in a pre-trial context - it might well conduct the side-by-side comparison urged by SK hynix. However, the procedural posture of this case is markedly different from the posture of Ohio Willow Wood. Here, the doctrine is being raised after a jury trial has determined that an invalidity defense has not been established as to any of the Six Claims; after that jury determination has been affirmed by the Federal Circuit; after reexamination proceedings have resulted in a determination that the Six Claims are not invalid; and after those reexamination proceedings have become final. SK hynix has not cited, and the court has not discovered, any case in which a court applied an Ohio Willow Wood analysis under such circumstances.

As is discussed above, this court is not persuaded that SK hynix's collateral estoppel challenge to the validity of the claims-in-suit is within the scope of the Federal Circuit's remand. Under Mendenhall, the court arguably may consider - even at this late date - the collateral estoppel effect of reexamination decisions that expressly invalidate one or more of the claims-in-suit. However, it would be quite a leap to say that the court may go so far as to make new invalidity determinations based upon reexamination decisions regarding other claims. The process envisioned by SK hynix would require this court to engage in a detailed comparison of claim terms, consider of significant prior art, and evaluate expert testimony. The court concludes that the relevant case law simply does not authorize it to undertake such a process given the procedural posture of this case and the language of the Federal Circuit's remand.

Because SK hynix at most has undermined the validity of four of the ten claims-in-suit supporting the jury's damages award, its motion for summary judgment based upon the asserted collateral estoppel effect of reexamination decisions would be denied even if the court were to reach the merits of SK hynix's collateral estoppel argument.

IV.

SK HYNIX'S MOTION FOR A NEW TRIAL OR A STAY

In the event that the Court declines to grant summary judgment on collateral estoppel grounds, SK hynix alternatively moves for a new trial on validity, damages, and infringement, or for a stay of litigation.

A. Validity

SK hynix asserts that even if the recent reexamination rulings do not entitle it to summary judgment based upon collateral estoppel, they constitute "new evidence" on the question of validity. SK hynix moves for a new trial pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59, which provides that a party may move for a new trial "no later than 28 days after the entry of judgment." Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(b).

As an initial matter, Rambus asserts that SK hynix has selected the wrong procedural vehicle for its motion for new trial. According to Rambus, the Rule 59 motion is untimely because judgment was entered more than three years ago. Rambus asserts that SK hynix instead must seek relief under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b). Rambus's argument is unpersuasive given that the Federal Circuit's Hynix II decision vacated this court's judgment. Because there is no judgment in the case, SK hynix's motion is properly considered under Rule 59(a). See Contempo Metal Furniture Co. v. E. Tex. Motor Freight Lines, Inc., 661 F.2d 761, 764 n.1 (9th Cir. 1981) (a motion for new trial filed before entry of judgment is timely under Rule 59).

Rule 59(a) does not specify the grounds on which a new jury trial may be granted; it provides that a new trial may be granted "for any reason for which a new trial has heretofore been granted in an action at law in federal court." Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(a)(1)(a). A new trial may be ordered on the ground of newly discovered evidence. Brown v. Wright, 588 F.2d 708, 709-10 (9th Cir. 1978). A party seeking a new trial on this basis must show that: (1) the evidence was discovered after trial, (2) the exercise of due diligence would not have resulted in the evidence being discovered at an earlier stage and (3) the newly discovered evidence is of such magnitude that production of it earlier would likely have changed the outcome of the case. Defenders of Wildlife v. Bernal, 204 F.3d 920, 929 (9th Cir. 2000); Jones v. Aero/Chem Corp., 921 F.2d 875, 878 (9th Cir. 1990).

The parties dispute whether reexamination decisions that were issued after trial may be considered new evidence for purposes of seeking a new trial under Rule 59(a). The Ninth Circuit has held that the evidence must have "existed at the time of the trial." Jones, 921 F.2d at 878. Clearly, the subject reexamination decisions did not exist at the time of trial. However, the Federal Circuit has suggested that the Patent and Trademark Office's decisions to withdraw approval of a certificate of correction and order reexamination might warrant a new trial. See Standard Havens Products, Inc. v. Gencor Industries, Inc., 897 F.2d 511, 515 (Fed. Cir. 1990).

Even assuming that the reexamination decisions constitute "new evidence" discovered after trial for purpose of satisfying the first factor, it is unclear whether SK hynix acted with sufficient diligence to satisfy the second factor. All of the patents-in-suit issued between June 1999 and September 2002. As Rambus points out, SK hynix could have filed requests for ex parte reexamination of any of the patents-in-suit (or any of the related patents) at any time after they issued. See 35 U.S.C. § 302 (2001) ("Any person at any time may file a request for reexamination by the Office of any claim of a patent on the basis of any prior art cited under the provisions of section 301 of this title.") (emphasis added). Moreover, SK hynix could have filed requests for inter partes reexamination with respect to any of the patents-in-suit (or any of the related patents) that issued from applications filed after November 29, 1999. See 35 U.S.C. § 311 (2001) (effective Nov. 29, 1999) ("Any person at any time may file a request for inter partes reexamination by the Office of a patent on the basis of any prior art cited under the provisions of section 301.") (emphasis added). Four of the six patents-in-suit issued from applications filed after November 29, 1999.¹¹ However, SK hynix did not file ex parte requests with respect to any of the patents-in-suit until 2009. SK hynix never filed inter partes requests with respect to any of the patents-in-suit. Given these facts, it seems apparent that had SK hynix been more diligent in pursuing reexamination, this court would not be confronting the impact of adverse reexamination decisions post-trial, post-appeal, and post-remand. Cf. Amado, 517 F.3d at 1363 (affirming the district court's denial of relief under Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b) on the ground that the newly discovered evidence arose from a patent reexamination that could have been commenced by the moving party at a much earlier date).

11 While the '105 and '918 patents issued from applications filed prior to the statute's effective date of November 29, 1999, the '120, '020, '916, and '863 patents issued after the effective date.

In response, SK hynix asserts that "the Federal Circuit has held that there is no requirement for an accused infringer to" seek reexamination, and that it is entitled to rely upon reexamination decisions arising from requests filed by Micron and Samsung. Br. at 2, ECF No. 4236. This argument is beside the point. While SK hynix is correct in its statements of the law, see In re Continental Gen. Tire, Inc., 81 F.3d 1089, 1093 (Fed. Cir. 1996) (holding that there is no requirement that an accused infringer seek reexamination); Mendenhall, 26 F.3d at 1580-81 (a party is entitled to the benefit of an invalidity determination rendered in another proceeding), the cited legal principles do not speak to the relevant question: whether SK hynix's exercise of due diligence would have resulted in the subject reexamination decisions being issued at an earlier stage in the proceedings.

SK hynix gives a number of explanations for its delay in seeking reexamination of the patents-in-suit, including its view that ex parte reexamination is undesirable because the requestor has no right to participate or to appeal; that the initial inter partes reexamination procedures did not involve review by a specialized panel; and that reexamination requests filed after Samsung and Micron initiated reexaminations in 2006 and 2008, respectively, would have been futile because Samsung and Micron raised all the relevant prior art and SK hynix would not have been able to present a substantial new question of patentability. Br. at 4-5, ECF No. 4236. SK hynix also points out that Rambus initially asserted fifteen patents containing more than 500 claims, and that Rambus did not narrow its claims until January 2005. Id. While these explanations illuminate SK hynix's strategies in choosing not to seek reexamination until 2009, it is not clear that they demonstrate SK hynix's diligence in pursuing the "new evidence" upon which the motion for new trial is based.

Finally, the court is not persuaded that the reexamination decisions would have changed the outcome of this case. The reexamination decisions finding the Four Claims to be invalid may have been admissible and may have affected the jury's finding of validity with respect to those claims. See Oracle Am., Inc. v. Google, Inc., No. C 10-03561 WHA, 2012 WL 1189898, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 4, 2012) (reexamination determinations are admissible evidence that may be presented to a jury that is considering the validity of a patent). However, the damages award is fully supported by the other Six Claims, which have been determined to be not invalid on reexamination. Obviously the reexamination decisions actually addressing the Six Claims would not have changed the outcome of the case. The question, then, is whether reexamination decisions regarding different patent claims would have affected the validity determinations regarding the Six Claims. The court concludes that this latter category of reexamination decisions likely would have been excluded under Federal Rule of Evidence 403 on the ground that such decisions would be more confusing than helpful. See Fed. R. Evid. 403 ¹²; Belden Tech. Inc. v. Superior Essex Commc'ns LP, 802 F. Supp. 2d 555, 569 (D. Del. 2011) ("Admitting evidence about the '503 patent's reexamination, the outcome of which is not binding on the court, would have only served to confuse the jury and was ultimately far more prejudicial than probative.").

12 Rule 403 provides that "[t]he court may exclude relevant evidence if its probative value is substantially outweighed by a danger of one or more of the following: unfair prejudice, confusing the issues, misleading the jury, undue delay, wasting time, or needlessly presenting cumulative evidence." Fed. R. Evid. 403.

Accordingly, SK hynix's motion for a new trial on the issue of validity is denied.

B. Damages

In the event that it is entitled to judgment as to some but not all of the claims-in-suit, SK hynix requests that the court grant a new trial on the issue of damages, asserting that "[b]ecause of the way Rambus tried the patent trial, there is no way to determine which portion of the damages awarded by the jury was attributable to which claim." Mot. for New Trial at 12, ECF No. 4166. SK hynix relies upon Verizon Servs. Corp. v. Vonage Holdings Corp., 503 F.3d 1295 (Fed. Cir. 2007), in which the Federal Circuit affirmed the jury's liability finding as to two of three patents-in-suit, and remanded for a new trial on liability with respect to the third patent in light of the district court's erroneous claim construction. The court noted that the jury verdict of $58,000,000 gave no indication as to which damages were attributable to which patents, and stated that "where the jury rendered a single verdict on damages, without breaking down the damages attributable to each patent, the normal rule would require a new trial as to damages." Id. at 1309-10. Because "[t]he parties ha[d] not briefed whether there is any reason to depart from this general rule," the court remanded the damages issue to the district court as well. Id. at 1310.

The present case is distinguishable from Verizon, because Rambus has articulated good reasons for departing from the general rule. As is discussed above, damages were awarded based upon infringement by particular products, not upon infringement of particular patent claims. SK hynix did not request an instruction giving the jury a method for calculating damages on a claim-by-basis nor did SK hynix argue to the jury that a claim-by-claim method of calculating damages was appropriate or could even be done. Because each class of products infringes one of the Six Claims that have not been found invalid on reexamination, the damages award is fully supported. See TiVo, 516 F.3d at 1312.¹³

13 Rambus argues that in any event, SK hynix has waived a challenge to the damages award, citing SK hynix's failure to request a reduction in damages when it moved for a new trial and judgment as a matter of law on invalidity. See Energy Transp. Grp., Inc. v. William Demand Holdings A/S, 697 F.3d 1342, 1357 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (holding that the defendants waived any argument for reduction in damages when they failed to request such a reduction in the event that the district court granted their motion for judgment as a matter of law that one of the patents-in-suit was not infringed). The court need not reach the issue of waiver given its disposition of the motion for new trial on other grounds.

C. Infringement

SK hynix asserts that it is entitled to a new trial on infringement in light of the Federal Circuit's construction of the term "memory device" in In re Rambus, Inc., 694 F.3d 42 (Fed. Cir. 2012). That decision adjudicated Rambus's appeal of a final Board decision regarding SK hynix's request for ex parte reexamination of claims of the '918 patent. The examiner construed the term "memory device" broadly as a "device that allows for the electronic storage and retrieval of information." Id. at 44. Under this construction, the examiner found the '918 patent's "memory device" analogous to the memory module disclosed in the iAPX Manual. Id. at 44-45. The examiner confirmed claims 24 and 33 (both claims-in-suit in the present case) but rejected claim 18 (not a claim-in-suit in the present case) as anticipated by the iAPX Manual. Id. at 45. The Board affirmed the examiner's rejection of claim 18. Id. at 45-46. On appeal to the Federal Circuit, Rambus argued that the term "memory device" must be construed more narrowly than construed by the Board, in that it must be a single chip device. Id. at 46. The Federal Circuit rejected this construction, holding that "we construe a 'memory device' as a component of a memory subsystem, not limited to a single chip, where the device may have a controller that, at least, provides the logic necessary to receive and output specific data, but does not perform the control function of a CPU or bus controller." Id. at 50. The court emphasized that, "[i]n sum, 'memory device' is a broad term which has been used consistently in the '918 patent and in the family of patents related to it to encompass a device having one or more chips." Id. at 48.

In the present case, the parties stipulated to a definition of "memory device" as "an integrated circuit device in which information can be stored and retrieved electronically." "Integrated circuit device," in turn, was construed by this court as "a circuit constructed on a single monolithic substrate, commonly called a 'chip.'" SK hynix contends that because the jury was instructed with these constructions, which have now been rejected by the Federal Circuit, SK hynix is entitled to a new trial in which the jury is given the correct construction for "memory device."

The Federal Circuit expressly affirmed this court's claim construction. Hynix II, 645 F.3d at 1355. Thus, further litigation of claim construction issues would appear to be barred by the mandate rule. However, even if In re Rambus is considered to be an intervening decision warranting departure from the mandate rule, SK hynix has not demonstrated that the alleged error in the jury instructions prejudiced it at trial. See Bettcher, 661 F.3d at 638 ("[A] jury verdict generally will not be set aside, on motion for judgment as a matter of law or new trial, based on erroneous instructions unless the movant can establish that the instructions were legally erroneous and that the errors had a prejudicial effect."). In the same reexamination that gave rise to In re Rambus, the examiner confirmed both of the '918 claims that were tried in the present case, claims 24 and 33, each of which contains the "memory device" limitation. SK hynix has not articulated how the Federal Circuit's post-trial construction of "memory device" would have changed the outcome of the trial in the present case. SK hynix argues generally that "[t]he Court's erroneous jury instruction prejudiced Hynix because it affected the jury's consideration of a key piece of prior art - the iAPX Manual - 'which contains several chips.'" Reply at 32, ECF No. 4200 (quoting In re Rambus, 694 at 50). The court concludes that this speculation is insufficient to meet SK hynix's burden on a motion for new trial.¹⁴

14 SK hynix cites Medtronic, Inc. v. White, 526 F.3d 487 (9th Cir. 2008) for the proposition that prejudice is presumed where an erroneous jury instruction is used. The cited Ninth Circuit case is not controlling here, as the Federal Circuit has held that: "The legal sufficiency of jury instructions on an issue of patent law is a question of Federal Circuit law which this court reviews de novo, ordering a new trial on that basis only when errors in the instructions as a whole clearly misled the jury." Bettcher, 661 F.3d at 638.

D. Stay

In the alternative to its motion for new trial, SK hynix requests that this court stay the litigation pending final disposition of the relevant reexamination proceedings. A district court has discretion to grant or request a stay pending the outcome of reexamination proceedings. See Viskase Corp. v. Am. Nat'l Can Co., 261 F.3d 1316, 1327-28 (Fed. Cir. 2001). Because reexamination proceedings of the Six Claims are final, and because the Six Claims standing alone are sufficient to support the damages award for infringement, the motion for stay is denied.

V.

SK HYNIX'S MOTION TO FILE SUPPLEMENTAL REPLY

SK hynix seeks leave to supplement its reply to Rambus's amended counterclaim in order to add a defense of collateral estoppel. Given the court's disposition of SK hynix's arguments based upon collateral estoppel, permitting the requested amendment would be futile. Accordingly, this motion is denied.

VI.

RAMBUS'S MOTION TO AMEND FFCL

In its FFCL issued September 21, 2012, the court concluded that SK hynix's "destruction of documents during Shred Days 1998, 1999 and 2000 constituted spoliation." Hynix III, 897 F. Supp. 2d at 975. Rambus seeks to amend the FFCL to omit the conclusion that Shred Day 2000, which was scheduled in connection with Rambus's office move in December 2000, resulted in spoliation. Rambus asserts that this court and the Micron courts have found that Rambus instituted a litigation hold in December 1999, and that a determination that Rambus spoliated documents in December 2000 is inconsistent with those findings. Rambus requests that the court amend its FFCL pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 52(b) to reflect that Shred Day 2000 did not result in spoliation of evidence.

There is no dispute that Rambus put a litigation hold in place in connection with the Hitachi litigation. See Micron II, 645 F.3d at 1318; Micron Tech. Inc. v. Rambus Inc., 255 F.R.D. 135, 146 n.55 (D. Del. 2009). This court expressly found that Rambus instituted a litigation hold in December 1999, prior to suing Hitachi in January 2000. Hynix III, 897 F. Supp. 2d at 964. The court found that in December 1999, Steinberg (Rambus's counsel) and Karp (Rambus's vice-president in charge of intellectual property) "identified Rambus personnel who were likely to have relevant documents and told them to retain all such documents." Id. "Lawyers from Gray Cary, after the firm was retained in connection with the Hitachi litigation, also instructed dozens of Rambus employees that they needed to preserve all documents that could be relevant to the litigation." Id.

There is no direct evidence that the litigation hold was withdrawn. However, the court found that Rambus resumed destroying documents following the settlement of the Hitachi litigation in June 2000. Id. at 964. The court noted that on the same day that the Hitachi litigation settled, Rambus's outside patent prosecution counsel, Vincent, resumed purging his patent files. Id. Rambus also gave notice to SK hynix (Hyundai) of its alleged infringement. Id. In July 2000, Steinberg sent an email to Rambus executives reminding them to destroy drafts and materials used during contract negotiations. Id. In December 2000, Rambus held a third company shred day during which Rambus employees destroyed 410 bags (the equivalent of 300-400 boxes) of documents. Id. at 965. Rambus's motion to amend the court's September 21, 2012 FFCL seeks "to clarify that spoliation has not been shown with respect to Rambus's December 2000 office move, and to remove all references in the Opinion to the office move as 'Shred Day 2000.'" Rambus's Mot. to Amend FFCL at 1, ECF No. 4174.

Although the court made some findings of fact in its FFCL issued September 21, 2012 with respect to the destruction of documents at the time of Rambus's office move in December 2000, it did not focus on whether that destruction involved spoliation. The purging by Vincent and instruction from Steinberg reminding Rambus executives to destroy draft materials used in contract negotiations do not, under the circumstances shown, justify a conclusion that Rambus spoliated documents after the Hitachi litigation hold went into effect. Vincent was not Rambus's counsel for the litigation and apparently resumed purging his patent files on his own initiative. See Hynix III, 897 F. Supp. 2d at 964. Rambus negated any prejudice to SK hynix resulting from any alleged loss of documents pertaining to contract negotiations between Rambus and SK hynix by producing or logging as privileged numerous internal communications. See Hynix I, 591 F.Supp. 2d at 1064; Hynix III, 897 F. Supp. 2d at 967-68 (Finding Nos. 138-42). The fact that Rambus had these documents also suggests that the litigation hold remained in effect.

"Rule 52(b) motions are appropriately granted in order to correct manifest errors of law or fact or to address newly discovered evidence or controlling case law." Ollier v. Sweetwater Union High School Dist., 858 F. Supp. 2d 1093, 1117 (S.D. Cal. 2012). Rambus has demonstrated that the court erred in concluding in Hynix III that Rambus's December 2000 shredding of documents constituted spoliation. Thus the court amends its September 2012 FFCL under Rule 52(b) to correct a manifest error. The court reaffirms its conclusion reached in Hynix I on the question of whether Rambus spoliated evidence in connection with its December 2000 office move:

Rambus did shred additional records when it moved its offices in December 2000. Hynix initiated the instant lawsuit against Rambus on August 29, 2000. Therefore, Rambus was engaged in litigation at the time of its move and attendant disposal of documents. This raises the question of whether the third shredding event constituted spoliation. The evidence presented by Hynix did not demonstrate that any documents material to Rambus's patent claims were destroyed in conjunction with the 2000 move. At best, Hynix speculated that internal documents relating to the 1998 negotiations between Rambus and Hynix over the "Other DRAM" provision or the Hynix-LGS post-merger license had been destroyed to the extent those documents survived the shred days in 1998 and 1999. Rambus has negated that speculation by producing or logging as privileged numerous internal communications regarding these topics.

Hynix I, 591 F. Supp. 2d at 1064. The court amends the following passage in its FFCL dated September 21, 2012 as follows:

Application of the collateral estoppel doctrine establishes that litigation was reasonably foreseeable prior to Shred Day 1999, and thus that destruction of documents during Shred Day 1999 and thereafter constituted spoliation. After reconsidering the record in this case under the framework set forth in Micron II, this court concludes that in fact litigation was reasonably foreseeable prior to Shred Day 1998, and thus that destruction of documents during Shred Days 1998,- [and] 1999 and 2000 constituted spoliation.

Hynix III, 897 F. Supp. 2d at 975 (as amended herein).

VII.

SANCTIONS FOR RAMBUS'S SPOLIATION OF EVIDENCE

A. Standard for Determining an Appropriate Sanction

The court's ultimate task is to determine the sanction to be imposed for Rambus's spoliation. As noted in its FFCL issued on September 21, 2012, the court has wide discretion to fashion an appropriate sanction. See Hynix III, 897 F. Supp. 2d at 984; see also Aptix Corp. v. Quickturn Design Systems, Inc., 269 F.3d 1369, 1378 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (discussing limits on a court's authority to declare a patent unenforceable and holding that, "[w]ithin the limits discussed above, courts are free to sanction bad faith conduct that arises during the course of litigation."); Herson v. City of Richmond, No. C 09-02516 PJH (LB), 2011 WL 3516162, at *4 (N.D.Cal. 2011) (listing possible sanctions for spoliation of evidence, including monetary sanctions, adverse inference, exclusion of evidence, and dismissal of claim). The three main factors to be weighed in determining an appropriate sanction in this case are: (1) the degree of fault of Rambus; (2) the degree of prejudice suffered by SK hynix; and (3) whether there is a lesser sanction than dismissal that will address the prejudice to SK hynix and will deter similar conduct in the future by Rambus and others. See Micron II, 645 F.3d at 1329.

1. Degree of Fault of Rambus

Rambus willfully destroyed large volumes of documents when litigation was reasonably foreseeable. Hynix III, 897 F. Supp. 2d at 985. It kept no records of what it destroyed. Id. Although the evidence does not establish that it deliberately singled out particular damaging documents for destruction, Rambus's conduct makes it impossible to tell what evidence was lost, and Rambus must suffer the consequences of that uncertainty. Id.; see also Anderson v. Cryovac, Inc., 862 F.2d 910, 925 (1st Cir. 1988) ("As between guilty and innocent parties, the difficulties created by the absence of evidence should fall squarely upon the former.").

2. Degree of Prejudice Suffered by SK hynix

The evidence does not show that SK hynix was prejudiced in its assertion of invalidity defenses. See Hynix III, 897 F. Supp. 2d at 982. However, as a result of Rambus's destruction of documents related to the Joint Electron Device Engineering Council ("JEDEC"), Hynix is presumed to have been prejudiced in its ability to litigate its equitable claims and defenses. Id. at 984. Had Rambus disclosed its intent to obtain patent coverage of the standard then being considered at JEDEC, it most likely would have been required to license its technology at a fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory ("FRAND" or "RAND") royalty rate.¹⁵

15 The terms FRAND (fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory) and RAND (reasonable and non-discriminatory) are used interchangeably herein.

a. FRAND

Members of standard setting organizations who hold intellectual property rights in standard-essential intellectual property often are required to license that technology to "all comers on terms that are reasonable and nondiscriminatory, or RAND." Microsoft Corp. v. Motorola, Inc., 696 F.3d 872, 876 (9th Cir. 2012) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). While standards provide many benefits to technology consumers, such as interoperability, lower product costs, and increased price competition, "[t]he catch with standards is that it may be necessary to use patented technology in order to practice them." Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Once compliance with a particular standard is effectively required to compete in a particular market, the patentee gains disproportionate bargaining power and may "extract unreasonably high royalties from suppliers of standard-compliant products and services." Id. Requiring that the patent be licensed to all on FRAND terms prevents this type of patent "hold-up." Apple, Inc. v. Motorola, Inc., 869 F. Supp. 2d 901, 913 (N.D. Ill. 2012).

"The proper method of computing a FRAND royalty starts with what the cost to the licensee would have been of obtaining, just before the patented invention was declared essential to compliance with the industry standard, a license for the function performed by the patent." Id. "The purpose of the FRAND requirements . . . is to confine the patentee's royalty demand to the value conferred by the patent itself as distinct from the additional value - the hold-up value - conferred by the patent's being designated as standard-essential." Id. When determining a FRAND rate, "the court must employ a methodology which in some way reconstructs the negotiation that would have taken place" between the parties prior to the date on which the patented invention was adopted as part of the industry standard. Microsoft Corp. v. Motorola, Inc, 2012 WL 5248439, at *11 (W.D. Wash. Oct. 22, 2012).

The parties have presented evidence as to what SK hynix would have had to pay for a license for Rambus's technology in the 1995-96 time frame, when JEDEC was considering adoption of a standard for DDR SDRAM. Both sides rely upon expert opinion analyzing inter alia licensing agreements for "Other DRAM" products and RDRAM products from the 1995-96 time frame.¹⁶ That evidence would have been useful in determining an appropriate FRAND rate as of the 1995-96 time frame. A true FRAND analysis would have been based on then available evidence with the goal of having a fair royalty rate that would be non-discriminatory in the marketplace. Here, however, in order to determine a fair, non-discriminatory rate, the rates negotiated with SK hynix's competitors after Rambus's misconduct was disclosed must be considered. That is why the court in its September 2012 FFCL requested information about the licenses SK hynix's competitors obtained. If a FRAND rate were determined as of the 1995-96 timeframe and that rate were applied to SK hynix's sales during the relevant period, SK hynix would suffer significant prejudice by having to pay a non-competitive rate. Therefore, to maintain the goal of a FRAND rate in this case, the rates actually paid by SK hynix's competitors must be considered.

16 SK hynix objects to the declaration of Rambus's expert, Brian Hammer ("Hammer") on the grounds that Rambus failed to: provide SK hynix with a written report as required under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(a)(2)(B); make Hammer available for deposition as required under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(a)(4); qualify Hammer as an expert witness in this case as required under Federal Rule of Evidence 702; and provide SK hynix an opportunity to cross-examine Hammer. SK hynix also asserts that Rambus improperly permitted Hammer to review documents designated as "Special Confidential" or "Confidential - Outside Counsel Only." In response, Rambus points out that SK hynix did not provide a written report in connection with the October 2012 declaration of its expert, Roy Weinstein ("Weinstein"), and did not provide Rambus with an opportunity to cross-examine Weinstein. Thus, Rambus asserts that if Hammer's declaration is subject to exclusion, Weinstein's declaration likewise is subject to exclusion. The court has relied upon only some of the figures provided by the experts and those figures do not appear to be disputed; as to those figures, the objections are overruled. See Beech Aircraft Corp. v. United States, 51 F.3d 834, 842 (9th Cir. 1995) (district courts have broad discretion to admit or exclude expert testimony).

b. Royalty Rates Paid by SK hynix's Competitors

When it initially concluded that "the sanction most commensurate with Rambus's conduct . . . is to strike from the record evidence supporting a royalty in excess of a reasonable, non-discriminatory royalty," Hynix III, 897 F. Supp. 2d at 986-87, the court believed that imposition of a FRAND rate modified to take into account what SK hynix's competitors paid during the relevant period would carry out its intention of placing SK hynix on essentially equal footing with its competitors, see id. ("Rambus's spoliation of evidence should preclude it from entitlement to a royalty that places Hynix at a competitive disadvantage"). However, review of the parties' briefing and the authorities discussed above has persuaded the court that trying to fashion an after-the-fact evidentiary exclusion is not the most appropriate mechanism by which to sanction Rambus. The court now concludes that a monetary sanction that takes into account the royalty rates negotiated and paid by SK hynix's primary competitors is a more appropriate and straightforward way to mitigate the prejudice to SK hynix caused by Rambus's spoliation. Those competitors are Samsung, Infineon Technologies ("Infineon"),¹⁷ and Elpida Memory, Inc. ("Elpida").¹⁸

17 Rambus's license to Infineon was assigned to Infineon's successor DRAM manufacturer, Qimonda AG, in 2006. Weinstein Decl. ¶¶ 14-15, ECF No. 4208. Qimonda declared bankruptcy in April 2009, and subsequently was liquidated. Id. at ¶ 17. For ease of reference, Infineon and Qimonda will be referred to collectively as "Infineon" herein.

18 The rate paid by Micron could be considered to be 0% and used as a factor in determining an appropriate sanction. The court hesitates to consider this 0% "rate," as it resulted from the Micron court's declaration of unenforceability and not from any negotiation between Rambus and Micron. As discussed below, the court concludes that the high end of the range paid by SK hynix's competitors provides the most appropriate guideline for a sanction in this case. Accordingly, inclusion of a 0% "rate" would not affect the court's analysis.

The royalty rates negotiated and paid by Samsung, Infineon, and Elpida have been submitted under seal and are not recited here. See Weinstein Decl. ¶ 11, ECF No. 4208. It appears that none of the licensees paid the negotiated royalty rates for long; instead, they paid "effective royalty rates" or "ERRs." Id. ERRs "are calculated by comparing payments made to the licensor with a licensee's actual revenues over a particular period of time." Id. at ¶ 12. The ERRs of Samsung, Elpida, and Infineon fall into a very narrow range that is quite a bit lower than the negotiated rates and the 2.5% "Other DRAM" rate urged by Rambus under a FRAND analysis. Id. at ¶¶ 21, 36, and 45. SK hynix requests that the court apply one of the ERRs, or an average ERR, to its total sales of SDRAM and DDR SDRAM products during the agreed-upon damages period (June 23, 2000 through the expiration of the patents-in-suit on April 18, 2010). During that time frame, SK hynix generated approximately $11.267 billion in net sales of SDRAM and DDR SDRAM in the United States. Id. at Ex. 13.

Rambus objects to the court's consideration of the ERRs of SK hynix's competitors on the ground that those rates were reached after litigation, citing LaserDynamics, Inc. v. Quanta Computer, Inc., 694 F.3d 51 (Fed. Cir. 2012). LaserDynamics addressed issues raised on appeal in a patent infringement case after the trial court had entered judgment on a jury verdict awarding the patentee $8.5 million in damages. The court concluded that the trial court had erred in permitting evidence of a license that LaserDynamics had entered into with a third party as part of a settlement reached on the eve of trial after the third party had been repeatedly sanctioned. Id. at 77. The court noted "the longstanding disapproval of relying on settlement agreements to establish reasonable royalty damages," and concluded that there was no basis for departing from the normal rule that "license fees that are tainted by the coercive environment of patent litigation are unsuitable to prove a reasonable royalty." Id. The court distinguished ResQNet.com, Inc. v. Lansa, Inc., 594 F.3d 860 (Fed. Cir. 2010), in which a license that arose out of litigation was determined to be the most reliable evidence of a reasonable royalty. Id. Rambus's objection to consideration of the royalties paid by Samsung, Elpida and Infineon might well have merit if the court were attempting to calculate a FRAND rate in connection with a damages award for patent infringement. However, as discussed herein, the court's task is to determine an appropriate sanction for Rambus's misconduct that mitigates the prejudice to SK hynix. The ERRs of SK hynix's competitors, which were influenced at least in part by the same spoliation of evidence at issue here, would seem, in the unique circumstances here, to be relevant.

The court acknowledges the parties' assertions that a number of other considerations should play into the calculation of an appropriate royalty rate. For example, SK hynix argues that the ERRs paid by its competitors included consideration for more than just licenses, and that JEDEC may have selected a different standard if Rambus had disclosed its intentions. Rambus, on the other hand, contends that other licensing factors should be considered, such as the benefit to SK hynix of delayed payment, that it gave SK hynix volume discounts on RDRAM to incentivize SK hynix to push RDRAM into the mainstream market, that it anticipated co-development agreements with its RDRAM licensees, and that both Rambus and SK hynix had a preference for a world-wide license as opposed to one limited to United States sales. Although these factors, among others, make it difficult to estimate the prejudice to SK hynix from Rambus's spoliation with any precision, the court nevertheless concludes that a royalty rate that does not place SK hynix at a competitive disadvantage vis a vis its competitors must be the primary consideration in determining an appropriate sanction. The estimate serves as a guideline only; the court is not attempting to calculate damages from SK hynix's infringement of Rambus's patents, but rather to fashion an appropriate sanction for Rambus's spoliation.

3. Is there a Sanction Less Severe than Dismissal that Adequately Sanctions Rambus for its Spoliation

As previously noted, dismissal as a sanction is reserved for particularly egregious situations; the presence of bad faith and prejudice, without more, do not justify the imposition of a dispositive sanction. Micron II, 645 F.3d at 1328-29. This court does not believe that Rambus's conduct was so egregious as to call for dismissal. See Hynix III, 897 F. Supp. 2d 986-87.

B. Conclusion

Imposition of a monetary sanction is an imprecise, imperfect process. After considering all of the evidence and argument submitted by the parties, and the relevant authorities, the court concludes that a monetary sanction of $250,000,000 to be applied as a credit against Rambus's judgment against SK hynix recognizes that Rambus's conduct was inexcusable but not so egregious as to justify dismissal of its infringement case. This sanction applies a royalty rate of between .80% and .85% to Rambus's total United States sales. Although slightly in excess of what SK hynix's major competitors paid, this rate is not so great as to put SK hynix at a significant competitive disadvantage.¹⁹ It also takes into account that the rates actually negotiated with SK hynix's competitors were higher than the ERRs for reasons that are not clear. The amount of the sanction is severe and would be excessive if such amount were not necessary to mitigate the presumed prejudice resulting to SK hynix from Rambus's spoliation.²⁰ It also strikes the appropriate balance between acknowledging that the majority of Rambus's patents have been determined to be valid and recognizing that Rambus's spoliation of evidence must be redressed in meaningful way. The sanction will unquestionably deter Rambus and others from engaging in similar conduct in the future. Finally, from the public's standpoint, imposition of this sanction lays to rest years of complicated and expensive litigation.

19 [REDACTED]

20 The Federal Trade Commission ("FTC") determined that Rambus should be precluded from recovering royalty rates in excess of 0.25% for JEDEC-compliant SDRAM and 0.5% for JEDEC-compliant DDR SDRAM. Rambus Inc., No. 9302, 2007 WL 431522, at *2 (F.T.C. Feb. 2, 2007), vacated on other grounds, Rambus Inc. v. Fed. Trade Comm'n, 522 F.3d 456 (D.C. Cir 2008). Although it does not rely upon the now-vacated determination, this court notes that the rates imposed by the FTC are similar to the ERRs considered and the rate ultimately settled on herein.
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VIII.

ORDER

(1) SK hynix's motions for summary judgment, for a new trial or a stay, and for leave to file a supplemental reply are DENIED;
(2) Rambus's motion to amend the court's FFCL is GRANTED IN PART;
(3) As a sanction for Rambus's spoliation of evidence, the court hereby imposes a monetary sanction of $250 million to be applied as a credit against Rambus's judgment against SK hynix; and
(4) the parties shall submit a proposed form judgment to the court within ten (10) days; if the parties cannot agree as to the form of the judgment, each party shall submit a proposed judgment to the court within ten (10) days.

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RONALD M. WHYTE

United States District Judge