Summary
In Sitzman, the court held the Workers' Compensation Act's exclusive remedy provisions did not preclude actions by an employee and his wife to recover damages where the employer struck the employee in the head with a pipe while the employee was in the course of his employment.
Summary of this case from Oedewaldt v. J.C. Penney Co., Inc.Opinion
Nos. 85-259, 85-260.
Submitted January 30, 1986.
Decided May 15, 1986.
Appeal from the District Court of Prairie County. Seventh Judicial District. Hon. R.C. McDonough, Judge Presiding.
Kelly Kelly, Patrick J. Kelly argued, Terry J. Hanson, Miles City, for petitioner and appellant.
Crowley, Haughey, Hanson, Toole Dietrich, William J. Mattix, Billings, argued, for respondent and respondent.
This is an appeal from a summary judgment of the District Court in the Seventh Judicial District of the State of Montana, in and for Prairie County. We reverse and remand for trial.
The plaintiff, James Sitzman, worked for the defendant, Jake Shumaker, performing general ranch labor. The two men did not get along. Shumaker often called Sitzman a "son-of-a-bitch" and "idiot". Sitzman did not respond to these names at first, but eventually began shouting back.
The day Sitzman was injured, he and Shumaker were working together. Shumaker asked Sitzman if the calf feeders were full. Sitzman responded by telling Shumaker that the first one was half full, the second about three-quarters full, and the third one was about two-thirds full. Shumaker exploded, saying "I believe you, you god damn idiot. Can't you just say, `yes' or `no'?" Later in the morning, Shumaker asked Sitzman if he wanted to work on the tractor. Sitzman respondent, "Yeah, sure, no problem. Let's go to work on it." Shumaker again exploded, saying, "you god damn son-of-a-bitch. Why can't you just say `yes' or `no'?" When Sitzman replied, "Don't call me an s.o.b.," Shumaker walked over to him and struck him several times in the face. Sitzman pushed Shumaker to the ground. Shumaker then picked up a four-foot length of two-inch pipe and held it over his head. Sitzman asked Shumaker not to hit him, and turned to walk away. Shumaker hit Sitzman on the back of the head and when Sitzman turned to protect himself, hit him on the front of the head, knocking him to the ground, unconscious. Sitzman suffered severe injuries, including a fractured skull. The extensive head injuries have altered the course of his life.
Sitzman applied for and was granted temporary total disability wage and medical benefits under the Workers' Compensation Act. He brought this action in the District Court to recover damages caused by Shumaker's attack. His wife, Barbara, brought an action for loss of consortium, society, support, comfort and companionship of her husband due to his injuries. Shumaker moved for summary judgment.
Judgment was granted in both actions for the stated reason that because of Sitzman's application for and receipt of Workers' Compensation benefits, their remedies were exclusive to the Workers' Compensation Act. Upon stipulation of the parties, the Sitzmans' actions were consolidated for purpose of appeal.
The issue presented for review by Sitzmans is whether receipt of Workers' Compensation benefits by them results in an election pursuant to Section 39-71-411, MCA, thereby barring them from a common law tort action against employer Shumaker.
Summary judgment is proper only when there is a genuine issue of material fact and the movant is entitled to prevail as a matter of law. Cereck v. Albertson's (1981), 195 Mont. 409, 411, 637 P.2d 509, 510. The lower court, in granting summary judgment, reasoned that by filing for benefits under the Workers' Compensation Act "Sitzman became subject to the provision of the Act and more specifically Section 39-71-411, MCA."
The exclusivity clause, found in Section 39-71-411, MCA, provides in pertinent part:
"For all employments covered under the Workers' Compensation Act or for which an election has been made for coverage under this chapter, the provisions of this chapter are exclusive."
The election referred to in Section 39-71-411, MCA, however, is the election to come under the Act made by an employer not specifically covered by the Act pursuant to Section 39-71-401(2), MCA. It has no reference to an employee seeking to recover for injuries suffered as a result of an assault and battery committed personally by the employer upon the employee who also may have filed for and received Workers' Compensation benefits.
Ordinarily, when an employee is injured in the work place due to negligence or accident, his remedy is exclusive to the Workers' Compensation Act. Noonan v. Spring Creek Forest Products (Mont. 1985), [ 216 Mont. 221,] 700 P.2d 623, 625, 42 St.Rep. 759, 762. Common law damages are not available under Section 39-71-411, MCA, for injuries negligently or accidentally inflicted by an employer. Negligence claims should be dismissed on this ground. Such are not the facts in this case — Sitzman's injuries are not the result of negligence or accident.
The question then becomes whether there is a permissible exception under Section 39-71-411, MCA, for the tort inflicted by Shumaker upon Sitzman.
This Court has said:
"The `intentional harm' which removes an employer from the protection of the exclusivity clause of the Workers' Compensation Act is such harm as is maliciously and specifically directed at an employee . . . out of which such specific intentional harm the employee receives injuries as a proximate result."
Great Western Sugar v. District Court (1980), 188 Mont. 1, 7, 610 P.2d 717, 720. There is evidence that Sitzman suffered intentional harm maliciously and specifically directed at him by Shumaker. It is not reasonable to suppose the legislature intended to give statutory protection in the form of immunity from suit to an employer who hits his employee in the head with a pipe while the employee is carrying out his employment duties.
The egregiousness of these circumstances removes the exclusivity bar for an employee. In a manner similar to injury by a fellow employee, Section 39-71-413, MCA, where the legislature provided for coverage from an intentional injury, under the facts of this case, we provide for such coverage where the injury is by the employer.
There are sound policy reasons for reaching this decision. The purpose of the Worker's Compensation Act is to protect both the employer and the employee by incorporating a quid pro quo for negligent acts by the employer. The employer is given immunity from suit by an employee who is injured on the job in return for relinquishing his common law defenses. The employee is assured of compensation for his injuries, but foregoes legal recourse against his employer. To allow an employer to personally commit an assault and battery upon an employee and hide behind the exclusivity clause of the Workers' Compensation Act is to disregard the purpose of the Act. Other employers would have to pay for his protection. In effect, he would have bought the right to hit his employees. That is not a quid pro quo. The law does not allow a wrongdoer to benefit from his wrongs.
Consequently we hold that a narrow exception to the exclusiveness of the compensation remedy exists where the employer personally commits an assault and battery upon an employee.
The summary judgment is reversed and the case is remanded for trial consistent with the findings of this Court.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE TURNAGE and MR. JUSTICES MORRISON, WEBER, SHEEHY, GULBRANDSON and HUNT concur.