Opinion
09-13-2016
Eric S. SIEGEL, Plaintiff, v. Charles A. GARIBALDI, Defendant.
John G. Rusk, Esq., Rusk, Wadlin, Heppner & Martuscello, LLP, Kingston, Counsel for Plaintiff. Sheila S. Rosenrauch, Esq., Alan B. Brill, P.C., Suffern, Counsel for Defendant, movant.
John G. Rusk, Esq., Rusk, Wadlin, Heppner & Martuscello, LLP, Kingston, Counsel for Plaintiff.
Sheila S. Rosenrauch, Esq., Alan B. Brill, P.C., Suffern, Counsel for Defendant, movant.
LISA M. FISHER, J.
This matter involves a pedestrian knockdown car accident occurring on February 11, 2014 at approximately 10:45 PM, wherein Plaintiff-pedestrian sustained personal injuries when Defendant-motorist rolled through a stop sign, while on his cell phone, and collided into Plaintiff who was in the crosswalk. Now, Defendant moves for summary judgment arguing Plaintiff is unable to maintain an action against Defendant pursuant to Workers' Compensation Law § 29(6), which bars Plaintiff's action as workers' compensation is the exclusive remedy. For the reasons that follow, Defendant's motion is granted and the Complaint is dismissed.
The facts are undisputed. Both Plaintiff and Defendant were employees of the Culinary Institute of America and the subject accident occurred on the campus' premises. Defendant had finished his tasks for the night, entered his vehicle parked on campus, and proceeded along Campus Drive to reach the campus entrance to 9W to go home. The entrance was approximately a quarter of a mile away from where he parked his vehicle. Defendant admitted to rolling through the stop sign and collided with Plaintiff in the crosswalk, who had just started his car in the parking lot and was crossing the street to return to work to clock out. After the subject accident, both Plaintiff and Defendant went to campus security, informed them what happened, and campus security called for police and an ambulance.
While the facts are undisputed, both parties disagree over the applicable law. Defendant contends that the Workers' Compensation Law applies to the ingress and egress of employees. Even though Defendant was off the clock, Defendant contends he was still on his employer's premises leaving the property and in the process of egress thus the Workers' Compensation Law bars this action. Whereas Plaintiff contends that Defendant had completed his work-related tasks and was not within the scope of his employment when the subject accident occurred. Plaintiff further contends Defendant was on a road open to the public and not furthering his employer's interests as he had left work.
To establish a prima facie entitlement to judgment as a matter of law, a moving party must present proof in admissible form to demonstrate the absence of any triable issues of fact as to each and every allegation in the complaint and bill of particulars. (See Winegrad v. New York Univ. Med. Ctr., 64 N.Y.2d 851, 487 N.Y.S.2d 316, 476 N.E.2d 642 [1985] ; Zuckerman v. City of New York, 49 N.Y.2d 557, 427 N.Y.S.2d 595, 404 N.E.2d 718 [1980] ; accord Hollis v. Charlew Const. Co., Inc., 302 A.D.2d 700, 754 N.Y.S.2d 756 [3d Dept.2003] ; Balnys v. Town of New Baltimore, 160 A.D.2d 1136, 1136, 553 N.Y.S.2d 917 [3d Dept.1990] [noting the movant must come "forward with competent proof refusing the allegations of the complaint as amplified by the bill of particulars."].) Such "burden may not be met by pointing to gaps in plaintiff's proof" (DiBartolomeo v. St. Peter's Hosp. of City of Albany, 73 A.D.3d 1326, 901 N.Y.S.2d 389 [3d Dept.2010] ; accord Dow v. Schenectady County Dept. of Social Servs., 46 A.D.3d 1084, 1084, 847 N.Y.S.2d 711 [3d Dept.2007] ).
Remedies of employees and subrogation are governed by Workers' Compensation Law § 29, which provides under subdivision (6) "[t]he right to compensation or benefits under this chapter, shall be the exclusive remedy to an employee ... when such employee is injured or killed by the negligence or wrong of another in the same employ...." (See Macchirole v. Giamboi, 97 N.Y.2d 147, 150, 736 N.Y.S.2d 660, 762 N.E.2d 346 [2001] ["Workers' Compensation qualifies as an exclusive remedy when both the plaintiff and the defendant are acting within the scope of their employment, as coemployees, at the time of injury"].) The Court of Appeals articulated the purpose of the Workers' Compensation Law as being "designed to insure that an employee injured in the course of employment will be made whole and to protect a coemployee who, acting within the scope of his employment caused the injury" (Maines v. Cronomer Valley Fire Dept., Inc., 50 N.Y.2d 535, 544, 429 N.Y.S.2d 622, 407 N.E.2d 466 [1980] ). Thus, "[t]he Workers' Compensation Law ... offers the only remedy for injuries caused by the coemployee's negligence" (Tikhonova v. Ford Motor Co., 4 N.Y.3d 621, 624, 797 N.Y.S.2d 799, 830 N.E.2d 1127 [2005] [noting such conclusion "flowed directly" from the statute language of Workers' Compensation Law § 29[6] ]; see Workers' Compensation Law § 29[6] ; see also Workers' Compensation Law § 11 ).
However, the Court of Appeals also noted that the Workers' Compensation Law does "not protect[ ] the coemployee, even though the injured employee has accepted compensation benefits, while the coemployee was not acting within the scope of his employment at the time he inflicted the injury" (Maines, 50 N.Y.2d at 543–444, 429 N.Y.S.2d 622, 407 N.E.2d 466 ["But the words ‘in the same employ’ as used in the Workers' Compensation Law are not satisfied simply because both plaintiff and defendant have the same employer"] ).
While, generally, traveling to and from work is not deemed to be within the scope of employment (Jacobsen v. Amedio, 218 A.D.2d 872, 873, 629 N.Y.S.2d 863 [3d Dept.1995], citing Matter of Fine v. S.M.C. Microsystems Corp., 75 N.Y.2d 912, 554 N.Y.S.2d 827, 553 N.E.2d 1337 [1990] ), as an employee approaches the site of his employment, "there develops ‘a gray area’ where the risks of street travel merge with the risks attendant with employment and where the mere fact that the accident took place on a public road or sidewalk may not ipso facto negate the right to compensation" (Husted v. Seneca Steel Serv., Inc., 41 N.Y.2d 140, 144, 391 N.Y.S.2d 78, 359 N.E.2d 673 [1976] ; Patti v. Republic Aviation Corp., 20 A.D.2d 939, 248 N.Y.S.2d 978 [3d Dept.1964], appeal den. 14 N.Y.2d 488, 253 N.Y.S.2d 1027, 202 N.E.2d 157 [1964] ). Analysis by New York courts has narrowed the test to "whether there is a relationship existing between the accident and the employment as to bring the former within the range of the latter" (Husted, 41 N.Y.2d at 144, 391 N.Y.S.2d 78, 359 N.E.2d 673 ).
As a result, it is settled that "[w]hile on the employer's premises, going to or coming from work is generally considered an incident of employment" (Matter of Arana v. Hillside Manor–Nursing Center, 251 A.D.2d 715, 716, 674 N.Y.S.2d 445 [3d Dept.1998], quoting Sicktish v. Vulcan Indus. of Buffalo, 33 A.D.2d 975, 976, 307 N.Y.S.2d 385 [4th Dept.1970] ; see Evans v. J.W. Mays, Inc., 25 A.D.2d 597, 597, 267 N.Y.S.2d 233 [3d Dept.1966], lv. denied 17 N.Y.2d 423, 270 N.Y.S.2d 1025, 217 N.E.2d 40 [1966] ; see also Matter of Mercado v. Schenectady City School Dist., 24 A.D.3d 846, 846, 804 N.Y.S.2d 856 [3d Dept.2005] ). Here, Defendant was leaving work and less than a quarter of a mile from where he has parked. He was on campus and traveling on Campus Drive; the accident very clearly occurred on the employer's premises. Following the subject accident, rather than calling police to the spot of the accident, both Plaintiff and Defendant went to campus security. Both evinced an understanding that the accident was under the guise of the employment and handled by the campus. Defendant has satisfied its prima facie entitlement to summary judgment.
Once the movant has made such a showing, the burden shifts to the nonmoving party to produce evidentiary proof in admissible form sufficient to require a trial of material questions of fact. (See Zuckerman, 49 N.Y.2d at 562, 427 N.Y.S.2d 595, 404 N.E.2d 718 ["mere conclusions, expressions of hope or unsubstantiated allegations or asserts are insufficient."].) "[I]n deciding a motion for summary judgment, the trial court must view all evidence in the light most favorable to the party against whom such judgment is sought and, where there is any doubt as to the existence of a triable issue of fact, it should deny the motion since the goal is issue finding rather than issue determination" (Swartout v. Consolidated Rail Corp., 294 A.D.2d 785, 786, 742 N.Y.S.2d 721 [3d Dept.2002] [citations omitted]; see also Ortiz v. Varsity Holdings, LLC, 18 N.Y.3d 335, 339, 937 N.Y.S.2d 157, 960 N.E.2d 948 [2011] ; Greco v. Boyce, 262 A.D.2d 734, 734, 691 N.Y.S.2d 599 [3d Dept.1999] [holding courts are "to view the evidence in light most favorable to the nonmoving party, affording that party the benefit of all reasonable inferences, and to ascertain whether a material, triable issue of fact exists."] ).
Here, Plaintiff does not raise a triable issue of fact or credibility. Plaintiff cites to Groark v. Miller, 48 A.D.2d 539, 371 N.Y.S.2d 503 (3d Dept.1975), which declined application of the Workers' Compensation Law as a bar to the plaintiff's action. In Groark, both the plaintiff and defendant were employees of the New York State Department of Transportation. The plaintiff clocked out, entered her car, and exited the parking lot onto a circular road which surrounds the State Campus complex of office buildings where both parties worked. Approximately five minutes and one mile from her place of employment, while still on the circular road around the State Campus, the defendant rear ended the plaintiff's vehicle causing personal injuries.
In rejecting the application of the Workers' Compensation Law, the Appellate Division, Third Department, did not find the motor vehicle accident was "within the precincts of their employment" and specifically noted both parties were not in the scope of employment, particularly because "[t]he roadway where the accident occurred cannot be considered within the premises of the employment" (Groark, 48 A.D.2d at 541, 371 N.Y.S.2d 503 [noting the accident occurred on a public roadway, and not on the employer's property] ). Unlike Groark, Plaintiff was still on the clock and on his employer's premises. The subject accident occurred less than a quarter mile from where Defendant left the parking lot, and while on a road shared by the public, still a campus road.
While Defendant was not acting in furtherance of his employer's interests, he was still in the process of egress from the property and still on his employer's property—unlike in Groark. This distinction is supported by the Court of Appeal's decision in Husted, 41 N.Y.2d at 140, 391 N.Y.S.2d 78, 359 N.E.2d 673, and the thorough analysis of several New York cases used in that decision. The plaintiff in Husted had made a left turn across traffic and towards his employer's parking lot entrance when he was struck on the right side by an oncoming vehicle. Both the Third Department and Court of Appeals agreed that, even though the plaintiff's vehicle was not on his employer's premises and he had not started his shift, an employee is entitled to safe ingress and egress to and from the employer's premises, thus workers' compensation applied. (Husted, 41 N.Y.2d at 141, 391 N.Y.S.2d 78, 359 N.E.2d 673.)
The Court of Appeals analyzed several cases in arriving at this conclusion, largely focusing on that "gray area" when an employee's conduct constitutes ingress or egress to employment. All of these cases cited by Husted, and this articulated principle, are distinguishable as both Plaintiff and Defendant were on their employer's premises when the subject accident occurred whereas these cases did not.
For instance, in Matter of Leatham v. Thurston & Braidich, 264 A.D. 449, 35 N.Y.S.2d 887 (3d Dept.1942), affirmed 289 N.Y. 804, 47 N.E.2d 51 (1943), the plaintiff's entry into work was blocked by a truck loading at the loading platform. He climbed up the space between the truck cab and the trailer to squeeze through the opening when he fell and sustained personal injuries. The Third Department and Court of Appeals agreed that, when the ingress and egress brings the accident within the range of employment, the accident cannot be said to be disassociated from the employment and workers' compensation applies. Similarly in Matter of Cohn v. Morningstar Nicol, 265 A.D. 579, 41 N.Y.S.2d 466 (3d Dept.1943), the plaintiff slipped and fell on the sidewalk directly in front of her employer's premises as she attempted to step onto the stairs leading to the building. She was found to be entitled to workers compensation benefits as she was within the ingress of her employment, even though not on her employer's premises.
More akin to the facts here, in Matter of Rosenwasser v. Lanes Lake Success, 9 A.D.2d 1001, 195 N.Y.S.2d 74 (3d Dept.1959), the plaintiff slipped and fell in a parking lot not owned by her employer or on her employer's premises. However, employees arriving by the bus were required by the employer to cross the parking lot to reach the business' rear door. The Third Department found this was compensable under workers' compensation as part of the ingress and egress to employment. Similarly in Matter of Berry v. B. Gertz, Inc., 21 A.D.2d 708, 249 N.Y.S.2d 285 (3d Dept.1964), the plaintiff fell on her way to work in a shopping center parking lot used by the public, operated by the owners of the shopping center, but not owned or controlled by her employer. This claim was also found to be within the guise of her ingress and egress to employment, and within the spirit of workers' compensation.
The Court of Appeals in Husted also cited to two similar cases, where the plaintiff fell just outside the butcher shop where he worked (Matter of Podhoretz v. Rubinstein, 35 A.D.2d 1042, 316 N.Y.S.2d 941 [3d Dept.1970] ) and where an employee fell on the sidewalk close to the entrance used by employees to enter and exit their place of employment (Matter of Starace v. International Term. Operating Co., 39 A.D.2d 613, 330 N.Y.S.2d 846 [3d Dept.1972] ), both finding the respective plaintiffs to be within the process of ingress to their employment. This result was also more recently duplicated in Matter of Arana, 251 A.D.2d at 715, 674 N.Y.S.2d 445, supra , where the plaintiff had clocked out, left her employer's premises, walked along the sidewalk in front of her employer's building and then slipped and fell sustaining injuries, but this was still found to be within the guise of workers' compensation. Even more recently, in Matter of Mercado, 24 A.D.3d at 846, 804 N.Y.S.2d 856, supra , workers' compensation applied where the plaintiff was approximately 200 feet from the entrance of his employment on a sidewalk not owned by maintained by his employer when he slipped and fell.Most similar to the instant case is Bagley v. Gilbert, 76 A.D.2d 955, 428 N.Y.S.2d 737 (3d Dept.1980), where the defendant, intending to leave the employer's premises for lunch, backed up out of his parking spot and struck the plaintiff-pedestrian. The plaintiff was still on the clock and just parked a company tractor-trailer, whereas the defendant was off the clock breaking for lunch in his personal vehicle. Both parties were employees of same business and on the employer's premises. Given the strong similarities, the Court has trouble rectifying the instant case with Bagley, in only noting that the location of the accident in Bagley was immediately next to the employer's building whereas the subject accident occurred in the street away from the employer's buildings but on the same premises.
From the aforementioned cases, the Court finds the subject accident to have occurred while Defendant was still in the process of egress from the "same employ" of Plaintiff, who was still on the clock, and on their employer's premises. This is different from Groark, where both employers were not clocked in and approximately a mile from employment. The most telling evidence to the Court is that it was understood between the employees that the subject accident was within the purview of their employment as they went to campus security, rather than call the police or ambulance from the accident scene.
Therefore, after careful consideration of the facts, review of the parties' submissions, and after the Court's thorough independent research, the Court finds the Workers' Compensation Law is the exclusive remedy and bars the Complaint. The Court's research did not find any applicable exceptions, and none are argued by Plaintiff.
To the extent not specifically addressed above, the parties' remaining contentions have been examined and found to be lacking in merit or rendered academic.
Thereby, it is hereby
ORDERED AND ADJUDGED that Defendant's motion is GRANTED, and the Complaint and any claims asserted against Defendant are DISMISSED, in their entirety.
This constitutes the Decision/Order/Judgment of the Court. Please note that a copy of this Decision/Order/Judgment along with the original motion papers are being filed by Chambers with the County Clerk. The original Decision/Order/Judgment is being returned to the prevailing party, to comply with CPLR R. 2220. Counsel is not relieved from the applicable provisions of this Rule with regard to filing, entry and Notice of Entry.